Ch 5: Infection Control: Principles and Practices

Cocci are bacteria that are round shaped. This means that they have a spherical or oval shape, resembling small balls or discs. This shape allows them to easily divide and multiply, and it also helps them to adhere to surfaces. Cocci can be found in various arrangements, such as in pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), or clusters (staphylococci). Their round shape is an important characteristic used in their classification and identification.

Diplococci are bacteria that grow in pairs and can cause pneumonia. They are spherical in shape and typically arrange themselves in pairs, resembling two round balls stuck together. These bacteria are known to be a common cause of pneumonia, a respiratory infection that affects the lungs. They can infect the lungs and cause inflammation, leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Identifying diplococci in a clinical sample can help in diagnosing and treating pneumonia effectively.

Disinfectants such as phenols and quats are strong chemicals that are used to kill bacteria and viruses. They can be harmful if they come in contact with the skin. Skin is a sensitive part of the body and direct exposure to these chemicals can cause irritation, burns, or other adverse reactions. Therefore, it is important to avoid letting disinfectants come in contact with the skin to protect oneself from any potential harm.

Fungal infections are much more common on the feet than on the hands because the feet are often enclosed in shoes and socks, creating a warm and moist environment that is ideal for fungal growth. Additionally, the feet are more prone to sweating and have a higher number of sweat glands, which further contributes to the development of fungal infections. The hands, on the other hand, are exposed to more air and are usually washed more frequently, making them less susceptible to fungal infections. Therefore, the correct answer is feet.

Streptococci are a type of bacteria that can cause strep throat or blood poisoning. Streptococci are spherical bacteria that typically grow in chains or pairs. They are known for causing a wide range of infections, including strep throat, which is characterized by a sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Streptococci can also cause more severe infections such as blood poisoning, also known as sepsis, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Therefore, streptococci are the correct answer for the bacteria that can cause strep throat or blood poisoning.

The correct answer is immunity. Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against harmful pathogens and resist infection. It involves the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies to target and destroy foreign invaders. Immunity can be acquired naturally through exposure to pathogens or artificially through vaccination. It plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and preventing diseases.

Before a surface can be disinfected, it must be properly cleaned. Cleaning removes dirt, dust, and debris from the surface, allowing the disinfectant to come into direct contact with the microorganisms that may be present. Without proper cleaning, the disinfectant may not be able to effectively kill the bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens on the surface. Therefore, cleaning is a necessary step before disinfection can take place.

At the end of every day, it is important to properly clean the nonwhirlpool foot basin or tub to maintain hygiene and prevent the spread of bacteria or infections. Adding the appropriate amount of disinfectant and letting it soak for 10 minutes ensures that any remaining germs or contaminants are effectively killed or neutralized. This duration allows enough time for the disinfectant to work effectively and eliminate any potential health risks.

The presence of pus is a sign of bacterial infection. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is produced in response to an infection. It is made up of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. When the body detects the presence of harmful bacteria, it sends white blood cells to the site of infection to fight off the invaders. As the white blood cells die in the process, they accumulate and form pus. Therefore, the presence of pus indicates an active bacterial infection in the body.

The correct answer is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). It attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells, and weakens the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It can be spread through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. HIV cannot be cured, but it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy to slow down the progression of the virus and prevent the development of AIDS.

Disinfectants used in salons must carry a registration number from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA is responsible for regulating and ensuring the safety of disinfectants and other chemicals used in various industries, including salons. Their registration number serves as an indication that the disinfectant has met the necessary standards and has been approved for use in salons. This helps to protect the health and safety of salon clients and workers by ensuring that the disinfectants used are effective and safe.

Universal Precautions require employees to assume that human blood and body fluids are infectious for bloodborne pathogens. This means that employees must treat all blood and body fluids as if they are contaminated with pathogens that can be transmitted through the blood, such as HIV or hepatitis B. By assuming that all blood and body fluids are infectious, employees can take the necessary precautions to protect themselves and others from potential exposure to these pathogens.

Direct transmission refers to the spread of infectious diseases through direct contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids. This can occur through activities such as touching, kissing, coughing, sneezing, or talking. In direct transmission, there is no intermediary or vector involved in the transmission process. It is a direct transfer of pathogens from one person to another.

Before beginning any service, it is important to wash your hands using pump soap, water, and a clean, disinfected nail brush. This is because a nail brush can help to thoroughly clean the nails and the spaces underneath, removing any dirt, bacteria, or other contaminants that may be present. By using a clean and disinfected nail brush, you can ensure that your hands are properly cleaned and prepared for the service, reducing the risk of spreading germs or infections.

The correct answer is "take shortcuts for cleaning". This is not part of your professional responsibilities because as a professional, it is your duty to follow state and federal laws, keep your license current, and check for changes to rules. Taking shortcuts for cleaning can compromise the quality and safety of your work, and may also be in violation of regulations and standards.

After implements have been properly cleaned and disinfected, it is important to store them in a clean, covered container. This helps to prevent any contamination or dirt from getting onto the implements and ensures that they remain in a hygienic condition until they are next used. Storing them in a clean, covered container also protects them from any external factors that could potentially affect their cleanliness or effectiveness.

The correct answer is whirlpool foot spas. In 2000, a bacterial outbreak occurred due to the failure of the practitioner to follow proper disinfection guidelines for whirlpool foot spas. This suggests that the bacteria Mycobacterium fortuitum was able to thrive and spread in the foot spas, leading to the outbreak. It highlights the importance of maintaining proper hygiene and disinfection protocols in salon settings to prevent such incidents from happening.

Parasites are organisms that rely on another organism for their growth, food, and shelter, without providing any benefit to the survival of the host organism. They often harm or weaken the host in the process. Cocci and bacilli are types of bacteria, and while they can be harmful, they do not necessarily fit the description of organisms that contribute nothing to the survival of their host. Lawyers, on the other hand, are not organisms and do not grow, feed, or find shelter on or in another organism, so they are not relevant to the question.

MSDSs, or Material Safety Data Sheets, are important documents that provide information about the potential hazards of chemicals and materials. Not having MSDSs available can be dangerous as it poses a health risk to individuals who may be exposed to hazardous materials without knowledge of the associated risks. Additionally, the absence of MSDSs violates federal and state regulations that require employers to provide this information to employees and ensure their safety in the workplace.

Hepatitis B is the correct answer because it is known to be more resistant and can survive on surfaces for longer periods of time compared to other forms of hepatitis. This is due to its ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions and remain infectious. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, making it important to take proper precautions to prevent its spread.

A logbook is a record-keeping tool that allows salons to track the usage, cleaning, disinfection, testing, and maintenance of their equipment. By maintaining a logbook, salons can ensure that each piece of equipment is properly maintained and meets the necessary hygiene standards. This helps in maintaining a safe and clean environment for both the salon staff and customers.

Using too much bleach can damage metal and plastic. When bleach is used in excessive amounts, it can cause corrosion and discoloration on metal surfaces. It can also degrade and weaken plastic materials, making them brittle and prone to cracking or breaking. Therefore, it is important to use bleach in the appropriate and recommended quantities to avoid damaging these materials.

Quat solutions are considered very effective disinfectants when used properly in a salon. This means that when quat solutions are used according to the recommended guidelines and procedures, they have a high level of efficacy in killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. This makes them a reliable and efficient choice for maintaining a clean and sanitary environment in a salon setting.

The correct answer is microorganism. A microorganism refers to any organism that is extremely small, ranging from microscopic to submicroscopic in size. This can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other single-celled organisms. Staphylococci and streptococci are specific types of bacteria, while mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria that includes species like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, microorganism is the most general and inclusive term that encompasses all of these organisms.

Tinea pedis is the correct answer because it specifically refers to a ringworm fungus infection of the foot. The term "tinea" is used to describe various fungal infections, and "pedis" refers to the foot. Therefore, tinea pedis accurately describes a foot infection caused by a ringworm fungus.

An allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to a normally harmless substance, such as certain foods, chemicals, or environmental factors. This exaggerated immune response can cause a range of symptoms, including sneezing, itching, hives, swelling, or even life-threatening reactions like anaphylaxis. Allergies are different from infections, which are caused by pathogens like bacteria or viruses, and inflammation, which is a natural response of the body to injury or infection. Contamination refers to the presence of harmful substances, but it is not specific to an immune reaction.

The correct answer is "clean and disinfect." This is because additives, powders, or tablets cannot completely eliminate the need for cleaning and disinfecting equipment such as whirlpool spas. While they may help in some aspects of maintenance, they cannot replace the necessary steps of cleaning and disinfecting to ensure proper hygiene and safety.

Fumigants are no longer used in salons because they produce potentially harmful formaldehyde gas. This implies that in the past, fumigants might have been used in salons, but due to the risks associated with formaldehyde gas, they have been discontinued. The use of fumigants can pose health hazards to both salon workers and customers, so it is safer to avoid their use altogether.

Antiseptics are effective for killing germs on the hands because they contain antimicrobial agents that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. When applied to the skin, antiseptics work by disrupting the cell membranes of bacteria and other pathogens, leading to their death. This makes antiseptics an important tool in maintaining hand hygiene and preventing the spread of infections. However, it is worth noting that antiseptics are not as effective as sterilization methods for completely eliminating all types of microorganisms on equipment or instruments.

The correct answer is "state" because licensing, enforcement, and conduct regulations for working in a salon are typically governed by the state government. Each state has its own set of rules and requirements that salon professionals must adhere to in order to ensure safety, professionalism, and quality of service. These regulations may include obtaining a state-issued license, following specific health and safety guidelines, and maintaining ethical standards.

A local infection appears as a lesion containing pus and is confined to a particular part of the body. This means that the infection is limited to a specific area and does not spread to other parts of the body. It is not contagious, meaning it cannot be easily transmitted from person to person. The terms "primary" and "secondary" do not accurately describe the characteristics of the infection, as they refer to the order in which diseases or conditions develop.

As a cosmetologist, you are not allowed to recommend treatments for diseases. This is because cosmetologists are not trained or licensed to diagnose or treat medical conditions. Their expertise lies in providing beauty and aesthetic services, such as hair styling, makeup application, and skincare treatments. Recommending treatments for diseases should be left to medical professionals who have the necessary knowledge and qualifications to provide appropriate medical care.

When disinfecting a whirlpool foot spa after use by a client, it is important to circulate the disinfectant for a sufficient amount of time to ensure proper disinfection. The recommended time for circulating the disinfectant is 10 minutes, as stated in the answer. This duration allows the disinfectant to effectively kill any bacteria or germs that may be present in the foot spa, ensuring a clean and safe environment for the next client.

Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms that can have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics. They can photosynthesize like plants and also consume organic matter like animals. Bacteria can be found in various environments and play important roles in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and disease-causing infections. Therefore, the correct answer is bacteria.

Universal Precautions include hand washing, wearing gloves, and properly handling and disposing of items that may have been contaminated by blood or other body fluids. These precautions are necessary to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases and protect both healthcare workers and patients. By following universal precautions, healthcare professionals can minimize the risk of exposure to potentially harmful pathogens and maintain a safe and healthy environment.

When a salon implement comes in contact with blood or body fluids, it is important to thoroughly clean it to prevent the spread of infections. The correct answer states that the implement should be completely immersed in an EPA-registered disinfectant. This is the most effective method of killing any potential pathogens present on the implement. Immersion ensures that all surfaces of the implement are exposed to the disinfectant, providing a thorough cleaning process. Using an EPA-registered disinfectant further ensures that the product has been tested and proven effective against a wide range of pathogens.

After cleaning and disinfecting a pipe-less foot spa, it is recommended to dry it with a clean paper towel. This is because paper towels are disposable and can effectively absorb moisture, preventing the growth of bacteria or mold. Using a clean linen towel may not be as hygienic, as it can retain moisture and potentially harbor bacteria. Similarly, using a blowdryer may not be as effective in completely drying the foot spa, leaving it prone to bacterial growth. Letting it air dry may take longer and also increases the risk of contamination. Therefore, using a clean paper towel is the most suitable option for ensuring proper hygiene and preventing the spread of infections.

The correct answer is adding disinfectant to water. This is because when mixing disinfectants, it is important to add the disinfectant to water rather than the other way around. This allows for proper dilution and ensures that the disinfectant is evenly distributed throughout the water. Adding water to disinfectant may result in an uneven mixture and could potentially lead to ineffective disinfection. Stirring the mixture until foamy or adding hard tap water only to disinfectant are not necessary steps for properly mixing disinfectants.

If a disinfection product label includes the word "concentrate," it means that the product needs to be diluted before use. Concentrated disinfection products are typically highly potent and should not be used in their undiluted form. Diluting the product with water ensures that it is safe and effective for use, as it reduces the concentration of active ingredients to a suitable level. Using the product without dilution may result in excessive potency, which can be harmful or ineffective in disinfecting surfaces or objects.

Porous items have small holes or spaces that allow liquids or gases to pass through them. This characteristic of porosity enables them to absorb liquids or gases, making them absorbent. Therefore, items that are porous are also considered absorbent.

Binary fission is the correct answer because it is the process by which bacteria grow, reproduce, and divide into two new cells. During binary fission, a single bacterium replicates its DNA and then divides into two identical daughter cells. This process allows bacteria to rapidly multiply and colonize new environments. Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms, not bacteria. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, and metamorphosis refers to the transformation of an organism's body structure during its development, which does not apply to bacteria.

A parasitic disease is caused by parasites. Parasites are organisms that live on or in another organism, known as the host, and derive their nourishment from the host. They can cause a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. Bacteria, bacilli, and cocci are types of microorganisms that can cause various infections, but they are not specifically associated with parasitic diseases. Parasites, on the other hand, have evolved to live off their hosts and can cause significant harm and health issues.

Toxins are various poisonous substances produced by some microorganisms. These substances can cause harm or illness to other organisms, including humans. They are typically produced by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms as a defense mechanism or to aid in their survival. Toxins can have a wide range of effects on the body, depending on the specific toxin and the organism it is affecting. They can cause symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, organ damage, or even death in severe cases.

Pediculosis capitis is a condition caused by an infestation of head lice. Head lice are tiny insects that live on the scalp and feed on blood. Infestation occurs through close contact with an infected person or by sharing personal items such as hats or combs. Symptoms of pediculosis capitis include itching, red bumps on the scalp, and the presence of lice or their eggs (nits) on the hair shafts. Treatment involves the use of medicated shampoos or lotions specifically designed to kill lice and their eggs.

Occupational diseases refer to illnesses that are directly caused by or related to the conditions and hazards present in the workplace. Unlike contagious diseases, which can be transmitted from person to person, occupational diseases are specifically linked to the work environment. These diseases can be caused by exposure to harmful substances, such as chemicals or toxins, or by repetitive physical activities that lead to musculoskeletal disorders. Systemic diseases, on the other hand, are not necessarily work-related and can affect various systems or organs in the body. Pathogenic diseases are caused by pathogens, which can include both contagious and non-contagious diseases.

A virus is a submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in cells of biological organisms and is capable of replication only through taking over the host cell's reproductive function. Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic functions on their own. They rely on host cells to replicate and spread.

Bacteria generally consist of an outer cell wall containing a liquid called protoplasm. Protoplasm is the living substance within a cell that includes the cytoplasm and the nucleic acid. It is responsible for carrying out various cellular functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The cell wall of bacteria provides structural support and protection to the cell, and the protoplasm within the cell wall carries out the essential life processes. Protons, on the other hand, are subatomic particles found within the nucleus of an atom and are not directly related to the composition of bacterial cells.

When washing your hands, it is recommended to apply soap, lather, and scrub your hands and under the free edges of the nails with a nail brush for at least 1 minute. This duration allows enough time for the soap to effectively remove dirt, germs, and bacteria from the hands and nails. Washing for a shorter period may not be sufficient to ensure proper cleanliness and hygiene.

Cleaning a whirlpool foot spa and leaving a disinfectant solution in it overnight at least once a week is necessary to maintain proper hygiene and prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. Regular use of the foot spa can lead to the accumulation of dirt, dead skin cells, and other contaminants, which can pose a risk to the user's health. Cleaning and disinfecting the foot spa weekly helps to remove these impurities and ensure a clean and safe environment for foot soaking.