Midterms In Biological Science

The given sequence represents the hierarchical organization of living things, starting from the smallest unit, atom, and progressing to larger and more complex structures. The next logical step in this sequence would be an organ, which is a distinct structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions in an organism. Therefore, the correct answer is "organ."

Constellations is not a problem or concern related to Biology. Biology is the study of living organisms and their interactions, whereas constellations refer to groups of stars forming patterns in the sky. Therefore, constellations do not fall under the scope of Biology.

The cell wall is the tough rigid covering of plant cells that provides structural support and protection. It is made up of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that forms a strong network of fibers. The cell wall also helps regulate the movement of water and nutrients into and out of the cell. Additionally, it prevents the cell from bursting or collapsing under pressure, maintaining the shape and integrity of the plant cell.

Plants can undertake photosynthesis unlike animals because uniquely they have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in plant cells that contain the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into energy through the process of photosynthesis. This energy is then used to produce glucose, which is essential for the plant's growth and survival. Animals, on the other hand, do not possess chloroplasts and therefore cannot carry out photosynthesis.

The scientific method involves a series of steps that scientists follow to investigate and understand phenomena. The correct answer, 5-7-4-6-2-3-1, represents the correct order of these steps.

First, scientists identify a problem or question that they want to investigate (step 5). Then, they formulate a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for the problem (step 7). Next, they conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis (step 6). During the experiment, they record data (step 2) and analyze the data to draw conclusions (step 3). Finally, they communicate their findings by presenting a conclusion (step 1).

This order ensures that scientists follow a logical and systematic approach to conducting research and drawing valid conclusions.

Plant pathology is the correct answer because it is the branch of biology that specifically focuses on the study of plant diseases. It involves the identification, understanding, and management of diseases that affect plants, including their causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention and control. Plant pathologists study various aspects of plant diseases, such as their causes, mechanisms of infection, and the impact they have on plant health and productivity.

The Modern Cell Theory states that all cells come from other existing cells. This means that new cells are produced through cell division, where existing cells divide and give rise to two new cells. This process ensures that genetic information is passed on from one generation of cells to the next. The theory also rejects the idea of spontaneous generation, which suggests that cells can arise from non-living material or nothingness. Therefore, the correct answer is other existing cells.

The main source of acid rain formation is the burning of fossil fuels. When fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are burned for energy, they release pollutants into the atmosphere, including sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants can react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which then fall to the ground as acid rain. This process is a major contributor to the acidity of rainwater and can have harmful effects on the environment, including damage to forests, lakes, and buildings.

Living things have the ability to adjust to changes in their environment in order to maintain homeostasis, which is the stable internal condition necessary for their survival. This process is known as adaptation. Through adaptation, living things can modify their behavior, physiology, or physical characteristics to better suit their environment and increase their chances of survival. This allows them to respond to changes such as temperature, food availability, or predation pressure. By adapting, living things can ensure their ability to grow, develop, reproduce, and exhibit irritability, all of which are essential for their survival and successful functioning in their environment.

When body cells multiply in a faster rate than a normal cell, it indicates that there is uncontrolled cell growth. This uncontrolled cell growth is a characteristic of cancer, where cells divide and multiply rapidly, forming a tumor. Therefore, if cells are multiplying at a faster rate than normal, it is most likely indicative of a cancer tissue.

A virus is not considered a living thing because it does not possess all the characteristics of life. While it can replicate and evolve, it lacks cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on its own. It requires a host cell to reproduce and survive. In contrast, amoeba, mushroom, algae, and mosquito are all living organisms that exhibit characteristics such as cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Water is considered a universal solvent because it has the ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances. This is due to its unique molecular structure and polarity. Water molecules are dipolar, meaning they have a positive and negative end. This allows water to attract and surround other charged or polar molecules, breaking them apart and forming a solution. Additionally, water's high abundance on Earth makes it readily available for dissolving substances.

Cilia and flagella are responsible for locomotion in cells. They are hair-like structures that extend from the surface of cells and move in a coordinated manner, creating a whip-like motion. This motion allows cells to move and propel themselves through their environment. Cilia and flagella are found in various organisms, including single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, as well as in certain cells in multicellular organisms like humans. They play a crucial role in processes such as the movement of sperm cells, the clearance of mucus from the respiratory tract, and the movement of eggs in the female reproductive system.

The correct answer is mitochondria. The image shown in the question most likely represents mitochondria. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They have a distinctive structure with an outer membrane and an inner membrane that contains folds called cristae. The presence of cristae is a characteristic feature of mitochondria, which allows them to carry out their energy-producing function efficiently.

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bi-layer. Phospholipids are a type of lipid that have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. In the cell membrane, the phospholipids arrange themselves in a bilayer with their hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the aqueous environment and their hydrophobic tails facing inward, away from the water. This arrangement forms a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside, allowing the cell to maintain its internal environment and control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Lysosome is an organelle filled with enzymes that are responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris in the cell. It helps in the digestion and recycling of various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and removing harmful substances from the cell.

Lactobacillus shirota is a prokaryotic organism because it belongs to the domain Bacteria, which consists of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Lactobacillus shirota is a type of bacteria commonly found in the human gut and is used in probiotic products. Crocodilus mindorensis is a species of crocodile, which is a eukaryotic organism. Oryza sativa is the scientific name for rice, which is also a eukaryotic organism. Homo sapiens refers to humans, which are eukaryotic organisms. Cocos nucifera is the scientific name for coconut, another eukaryotic organism.

The correct order of the stages in the cell cycle is G1, S, G2, M, Cytokinesis. This order represents the sequential progression of events that occur during the cell cycle. G1 is the first gap phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication. S phase is the synthesis phase where DNA replication takes place. G2 is the second gap phase where the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division. M phase is the mitotic phase where cell division occurs, including both mitosis and cytokinesis. Therefore, the correct answer is G1, S, G2, M, Cytokinesis.

In 1953, the structure of DNA was determined by Francis Crick and James Watson. They discovered the double helix structure of DNA, which revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity. Their work laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and earned them the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962.

The interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and it consists of three sub-phases: G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. During the G1 phase, the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication. In the S phase, DNA replication occurs. And in the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division. Therefore, all of the above phases (G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase) account for the interphase.

The 12th word of our university hymn is "maharlika".

A population refers to a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area. It is a specific term used in ecology to describe the number of individuals of a particular species in a given area. Populations can be studied to understand their dynamics, such as birth and death rates, migration patterns, and interactions with other populations. This term is distinct from organism, community, biosphere, and ecosystem, which refer to different levels of ecological organization.

The correct answer is "b only." This is because the statement "The DNA during transcription stays inside the nucleus" is true. DNA transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template, and it occurs inside the nucleus of a cell. In contrast, protein synthesis, also known as translation, occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically in the ribosomes. Therefore, statement "a" is incorrect.

The given options consist of pairs of biomolecules. Each pair represents a specific type of biomolecule and its corresponding example. The correct answer is "protein-glucose" because proteins and glucose are both types of biomolecules, but they do not belong to the same category. Proteins are a class of macromolecules made up of amino acids, while glucose is a simple sugar and a type of carbohydrate. Therefore, protein and glucose are a mismatched pair in terms of their classification as biomolecules.

The dividing cell above is arrested in its metaphase stage. This is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes align along the center of the cell, known as the metaphase plate. At this point, the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes, preparing for their separation in the subsequent anaphase stage. The cell may be arrested in metaphase due to various reasons, such as a checkpoint mechanism detecting errors in the alignment of chromosomes or DNA damage.

The 5 main characteristics of living things are reproduction, sensitivity, movement, metabolism, and cellular organization. These characteristics are essential for the survival and functioning of living organisms. Reproduction allows for the continuation of the species, sensitivity enables organisms to respond to their environment, movement allows for exploration and interaction with the environment, metabolism provides energy for life processes, and cellular organization ensures the proper functioning and coordination of cells within an organism.

During the mitosis phase, the cell itself is dividing. Mitosis is the process of cell division where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This division occurs in order to allow for growth, repair, and replacement of damaged or old cells in the body. The cytoplasm, nucleus, and centriole are all components of the cell that play important roles in the process of mitosis, but it is ultimately the cell as a whole that undergoes division.

Based on the information provided, the student observed a cell undergoing cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the process of cell division, where the cytoplasm of a cell is divided into two daughter cells. This process is commonly observed in animal cells during mitosis. Plant cells, on the other hand, undergo a slightly different process called cell plate formation during cytokinesis. Since the question does not mention any specific characteristics of the observed cell that would indicate it belongs to a plant or any other organism, the most likely answer is that the cell is from an animal.

During animal cell division, the centriole transforms into spindle fibers. Spindle fibers are responsible for separating the chromosomes and pulling them to opposite ends of the cell during mitosis or meiosis. This process ensures that each new cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.

By having a deeper understanding of the cell, students can learn how different cellular processes contribute to the overall functioning of the body. This knowledge can help them make informed decisions about their lifestyle choices, such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep, which are essential for taking good care of the body. Understanding the cell also allows students to appreciate the intricacies of human design and how various systems work together for our existence. It helps them anticipate potential disease occurrences by recognizing the cellular mechanisms involved and taking preventive measures.

The dividing cell above is arrested in its telophase stage. Telophase is the final stage of cell division where the separated chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes. This stage is followed by cytokinesis, where the cell fully divides into two daughter cells.

During meiosis, a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm or eggs), the number of chromosomes is halved. This is because the purpose of meiosis is to create genetically diverse cells for sexual reproduction. Each of the four daughter cells produced in meiosis will have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In humans, the diploid number of chromosomes is 46, while the haploid number is 23. Therefore, the correct answer is 23 or haploid.

During translation, a ribosome binds to mRNA. Translation is the process in which the ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and uses it as a template to synthesize a protein. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading the codons and assembling the corresponding amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Therefore, the correct answer is mRNA.

Living things have the ability to respond to stimuli, which means they can detect and react to changes in their environment. This response is known as irritability. It allows organisms to adjust their behavior or physiology in order to survive and thrive in their surroundings. Irritability is an essential characteristic of living things as it enables them to interact with their environment and maintain homeostasis.

In the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle, growth is occurring. During the G1 phase, the cell grows in size and increases its organelles and proteins in preparation for DNA replication. In the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division by synthesizing more proteins and organelles. Chromosome replication and nuclear division occur in other phases of the cell cycle, not in G1 and G2.

The dividing cell above is arrested in its Anaphase stage. In Anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell. This is a crucial stage in cell division, as it ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. If the cell is arrested in Anaphase, it means that the process of separating the chromatids has been halted, potentially leading to abnormal cell division or cell death.

Chromosome replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. During this phase, the DNA in the chromosomes is replicated, resulting in two identical copies of each chromosome. This is an essential step before cell division occurs, as it ensures that each daughter cell receives the correct amount of genetic material. The S phase is followed by the G2 phase, during which the cell prepares for division, and then the M phase, where the actual cell division takes place. Therefore, the correct answer is S.

Based on the scientist's observation of out foldings and miniscule organelles attached to it, the organelle being described resembles the rough ER. The rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis and has a rough appearance due to ribosomes attached to its surface. The out foldings could be indicative of the presence of ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis. Therefore, the rough ER is the most suitable organelle that matches the given observation.

A high cellulose diet is needed because cellulose is the only food that humans cannot digest. This means that it passes through the digestive system without being broken down, acting as a natural cleanser for the intestines. By promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation, a high cellulose diet helps to maintain a healthy digestive system.

The correct answer is animal because animal cells undergo cell division through a process called mitosis, which involves the division of the nucleus and the subsequent separation of the cytoplasm. Plant cells also undergo cell division, but they have a slightly different process called cytokinesis. Protists, fungi, and viruses do not have true cells and therefore do not undergo cell division in the same way as animals and plants.

The phrase "You are what you eat" means that the food we consume is broken down by our body and converted into living parts such as cells and tissues. This process is known as assimilation. It involves the absorption and utilization of nutrients from the food we eat to support the growth, repair, and functioning of our body. Assimilation is a vital process for maintaining the health and well-being of an individual.

Dr. DiNA Natuto, a geneticist, would be in the best position to describe a chimpanzee's similarity to humans because geneticists study genes and heredity, which includes comparing the genetic makeup of different species. They can analyze the DNA of chimpanzees and humans to identify similarities and differences. Dr. Hairy Potter, a mammalogist, would also be in a good position to describe this similarity as mammalogists study mammals, which includes both chimpanzees and humans. They can compare the physical and behavioral characteristics of these two species to highlight their similarities.