Mass Society And Democracy, 1870-1914 20-1

An internal-combustion engine is a type of engine that is powered by the combustion of fuel, such as oil and gasoline, inside the engine. It is called "internal" because the combustion process happens inside the engine, as opposed to an external source of combustion like steam engines. This type of engine is commonly used in vehicles like cars and motorcycles, where the fuel is ignited inside the engine to create the necessary power for propulsion.

A dictatorship refers to a form of government where absolute power is held by an individual or a small group. In a dictatorship, the ruler(s) often have complete control over the government and make decisions without any input from the people. This type of government typically lacks checks and balances, and individual freedoms and civil liberties may be restricted. Dictatorships are often characterized by authoritarian rule, suppression of opposition, and limited political pluralism.

The Second Industrial Revolution was made possible by the advancements in steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum. Steel revolutionized construction and manufacturing processes, allowing for the creation of stronger and more durable structures and machinery. Chemicals played a crucial role in the development of new materials and products, as well as in the production of fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. Electricity revolutionized the way industries operated, providing a more efficient and reliable source of power. Petroleum became a key resource for fueling transportation and powering machinery, leading to the development of new industries and technologies.

Strikes are organized work stoppages called by unions. During a strike, workers refuse to work as a form of protest to demand better working conditions, higher wages, or other benefits. Strikes are a common tactic used by labor unions to put pressure on employers and negotiate better terms for workers.

Revisionists refers to Marxists who rejected the idea of violent revolution and instead advocated for gradual reforms within the existing capitalist system. They believed that social change could be achieved through peaceful means, such as participating in democratic processes and using strikes as a negotiating tool. This approach differed from the traditional Marxist belief in the necessity of a violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat. Revisionists argued for a more evolutionary path towards socialism, focusing on improving the conditions of the working class through social and economic reforms.

The correct answer is "proletariat." The term "proletariat" refers to the social class of wage workers who do not own the means of production. In Marxist theory, the proletariat is seen as the class that will eventually rise up against the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class) and establish a classless society. This term is often associated with the working class and their struggle for better working conditions and rights.

Communism is the correct answer because it is a form of Marxist socialism that advocates for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole. This ideology was developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who wrote "The Communist Manifesto" in 1848. Communism aims to create a society where resources are distributed based on need, rather than profit, and where all individuals have equal access to wealth and opportunities.

Marx believed that the means of production, such as factories and land, were owned by the ruling class oppressors. This ruling class, also known as the bourgeoisie, held economic and political power and exploited the working class oppressed, also known as the proletariat, for their own benefit. Marx argued that this unequal ownership of the means of production led to class struggle and advocated for the overthrow of the ruling class to establish a classless society.

The Second International refers to an association of socialist groups. This organization was formed to promote international cooperation among socialist parties and advocate for workers' rights and social equality. It aimed to unite socialist movements across different countries and played a significant role in the development of socialist ideology and political activism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The little-industrialized nations of southern and eastern Europe built automobiles for the Americas. This suggests that these nations were involved in the manufacturing and export of automobiles to the Americas. This could be attributed to factors such as lower labor costs, availability of resources, or specific trade agreements that encouraged automobile production in these regions for the American market.