pH. D. Research Centre Quiz

Scientific research is the need of today's world economy for the eradication of COVID-19. This is because scientific research plays a crucial role in understanding the virus, developing effective treatments and vaccines, and implementing evidence-based strategies to control its spread. It helps in gathering data, conducting experiments, and analyzing results to provide valuable insights and solutions. Without scientific research, it would be challenging to combat the pandemic effectively and find long-term solutions for the global economy to recover.

The quantitative characteristic of data refers to the numerical aspect of the data. This means that the data can be measured or expressed in numbers, allowing for mathematical calculations and analysis. It is different from other characteristics such as beauty, sex, or intelligence, which are not typically measured in numerical terms.

A positive correlation is present when two variables move in the same direction. This means that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases, or as one variable decreases, the other variable also decreases. It indicates a direct relationship between the two variables, suggesting that they are influenced by each other and tend to change together.

Uni-dimensional analysis refers to the analysis of a single variable. In this type of analysis, only one variable is considered and analyzed to understand its characteristics, trends, and patterns. It does not involve the examination of relationships or interactions between multiple variables. Bivariate analysis, on the other hand, involves the analysis of two variables to determine the relationship between them. Multivariate analysis involves the analysis of multiple variables simultaneously. Since the question specifies that the analysis is in respect of one variable, the correct answer is uni-dimensional.

One-way ANOVA is the correct answer because it is a statistical method used to compare means between two or more groups. It is used when there is one independent variable (factor) with multiple levels or groups. The calculation of uni-dimensional analysis measures, which involves comparing means, can be done using one-way ANOVA. Two-way ANOVA and multi-ANOVA are not appropriate for this type of analysis, and "none of these" is not a valid option as one-way ANOVA is the correct method for this scenario.

Research helps to explore and understand human behavior and social life as well as provide explanations for unexplained social phenomena. By conducting research, scientists and social researchers can gather data and analyze trends, patterns, and relationships within society. This enables them to gain insights into how individuals and groups behave, the factors that influence their behavior, and the impact of social structures and institutions. Additionally, research allows for the investigation of social phenomena that may not have a clear explanation, helping to uncover new knowledge and understanding in the field.

Data interpretation is a common skill required in various educational institutions such as schools, colleges, and universities. It involves analyzing and making sense of data to draw conclusions and make informed decisions. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of these" as data interpretation is applicable in all these educational settings.

Data tabulation refers to the systematic arrangement of information in rows and columns. It involves organizing and presenting data in a structured format that allows for easy analysis and interpretation. This process helps to summarize and condense large amounts of data into a more manageable form, making it easier to identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. By presenting data in a tabular format, it becomes easier to compare and contrast different variables and make informed decisions based on the information presented. Therefore, the correct answer is data tabulation.

The correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to +1, where a value of +1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship, -1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship, and 0 indicates no linear relationship. Therefore, the correlation coefficient is the appropriate term to describe the strength of the linear relationship between two variables.

The aim of social research is to find explanations for unexplained social phenomena. Social researchers conduct studies and gather data to understand and analyze various social issues, behaviors, and patterns. Through this research, they aim to provide insights and explanations for why certain social phenomena occur and how they impact individuals and society as a whole. This helps in expanding knowledge and understanding of social dynamics and can contribute to the development of effective solutions and interventions.

The correct answer is "Systematized effort to gain new knowledge." This definition accurately describes research as a process that involves a systematic and organized approach to acquiring new knowledge or understanding. It implies that research is not a random or haphazard activity, but rather a deliberate and structured effort to explore and discover new information in a particular field or subject. This definition aligns with the fundamental purpose of research, which is to expand the existing knowledge base and contribute to the advancement of a specific area of study.

The given answer, "All of these," is correct because the characteristics of secondary data include reliability, suitability, and adequacy.

Reliability refers to the consistency and accuracy of the data, ensuring that it can be trusted for analysis. Suitability means that the secondary data is appropriate and relevant for the research or analysis being conducted. Adequacy indicates that the secondary data is sufficient in terms of quantity and quality to meet the research objectives. Therefore, all of these characteristics are important when evaluating the usefulness and validity of secondary data.

The reason for data editing is all of the mentioned factors: accuracy, uniformity, and completeness. Data editing involves reviewing and correcting data to ensure its accuracy by removing errors or inconsistencies. It also aims to ensure uniformity in the format and structure of the data. Additionally, data editing ensures that the data is complete, meaning that all necessary information is present and nothing is missing. Therefore, all of these reasons contribute to the need for data editing.

A good research student should possess two key qualities: replicability and unbiasedness. Replicability refers to the ability of others to reproduce the research methodology and obtain similar results, which ensures the reliability of the study. Unbiasedness is crucial to ensure that the research is conducted without any personal biases or prejudices, leading to objective and accurate findings. Therefore, the correct answer is "Both 'a' and 'c'."

The F-test can be one-tailed or two-tailed depending on the hypothesis being tested. In a one-tailed test, the hypothesis specifies the direction of the difference or relationship between variables. On the other hand, in a two-tailed test, the hypothesis does not specify the direction, but only tests for a significant difference or relationship. Therefore, depending on the research question and the specific hypothesis being tested, the F-test can be used as either a one-tailed or two-tailed test.

Experimental research is characterized by the manipulation of the independent variable. This means that the researcher intentionally changes or controls the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable. This manipulation allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables and make conclusions about the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. By manipulating the independent variable, researchers can isolate its effects and minimize the influence of extraneous variables, which may be present in the study. Therefore, the key defining characteristic of experimental research is the manipulation of the independent variable.

Focus group interviews are a qualitative research method that involves a small group of individuals discussing a specific topic or issue. This method allows for in-depth exploration of participants' opinions, attitudes, and experiences. The term "group discussions" accurately describes this process, as it involves a group of individuals engaging in a conversation to gather insights and perspectives. Therefore, the correct answer is "Group discussions."

A research design refers to the framework that guides every stage of the collection and analysis of data. It provides a structured plan for researchers to follow, ensuring that the research is conducted systematically and effectively. This includes determining the research questions, selecting appropriate methods, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting the findings. A research design helps researchers to organize their study, establish a clear direction, and ensure that the data collected is relevant and reliable. It is a crucial aspect of conducting research and contributes to the overall validity and credibility of the study.

Self-plagiarism refers to the act of reusing or republishing one's own previously written material without proper citation or acknowledgement. It involves presenting the same work as new or original, which is dishonest and unethical. This can occur in various forms such as submitting the same paper to multiple publications or reusing sections of a previous work without proper attribution. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious academic misconduct as it deceives readers and undermines the integrity of the author and the publication process.

The full form of APA is American Psychological Association. This organization is responsible for setting the standards and guidelines for psychology research and education in the United States. They also publish the APA Style, a widely used citation and writing format in the social sciences.

A bibliography is a list of all the sources that have been used in a research report. It includes books, articles, websites, and any other references that were consulted during the research process. The purpose of a bibliography is to provide the reader with the necessary information to locate and verify the sources used in the report. This helps to establish the credibility and reliability of the research findings. Therefore, a bibliography contains the source of every reference used in the research report.

Stratified sampling is a probability sampling method where the population is divided into distinct subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics. Then, a random sample is selected from each stratum in proportion to its size in the population. This ensures that each subgroup is represented in the sample, making it a representative sample of the entire population. Convenience sampling, judgment sampling, and quota sampling are all non-probability sampling methods where the selection of participants is based on convenience, judgment, or predetermined quotas, respectively.

A cross-sectional growth study involves studying different groups of children of different ages at the same time and describing their developmental characteristics. This type of study allows researchers to compare and contrast the developmental characteristics of children at different ages, providing insights into how they change over time. Unlike longitudinal studies that follow the same group of individuals over an extended period, cross-sectional studies provide a snapshot of development at a specific point in time.

The dependent variable in an experimental design is the one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed. This means that it is the variable that is being measured or observed to determine the effects of the manipulated independent variable. The changes or effects on the dependent variable are used to draw conclusions about the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

Government policies are often considered the external source of barriers to management research. This is because government regulations, laws, and policies can impose restrictions, limitations, or requirements on conducting research in certain areas or industries. These policies may include obtaining permits or licenses, complying with ethical guidelines, or facing bureaucratic hurdles. Therefore, government policies can create obstacles and hinder the progress of management research, making them the external source of barriers.

Experimental research and historical research differ in the process of formulation of the hypothesis, testing of the hypothesis, and replication. In experimental research, a hypothesis is formulated based on a specific research question, and then it is tested through controlled experiments or observations. The results are analyzed to determine the validity of the hypothesis. On the other hand, historical research involves researching past events and phenomena, and formulating hypotheses based on available evidence. These hypotheses are tested through the analysis of historical records, artifacts, and other sources. Replication is also important in both types of research, as it helps to verify the results and ensure the reliability of the findings.

Primary data refers to information that is collected firsthand from original sources. This type of data is considered more reliable and less prone to errors because it is obtained directly from the individuals or entities being studied. Primary data is collected through methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments. In contrast, secondary data is information that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose. While secondary data can be useful, it may not always be as accurate or relevant as primary data. Therefore, the given answer suggests that primary data is more reliable and less prone to errors compared to other types of data.

Research in rural management is mainly concerned with the analysis of agricultural and non-agricultural sub-sectors. This field focuses on studying and understanding the various aspects of managing rural areas, including agricultural practices, rural development, resource management, and community development. It involves analyzing the challenges and opportunities faced by rural communities and finding effective strategies for their sustainable development. This research helps in improving the living conditions of rural populations, promoting economic growth, and addressing social and environmental issues in rural areas.

The statement "Questionnaire and schedule methods of data collection are one and the same" is incorrect. Questionnaire and schedule are two different methods of data collection. A questionnaire is a set of written questions that are answered by respondents, while a schedule is a structured form that is completed by an interviewer based on the responses provided by the respondent.

The standard deviation of a sampling distribution statistic is called the standard error. This term is used to describe the variability or dispersion of the sample statistic from the true population parameter. It represents the average amount of error or uncertainty in estimating the population parameter based on a sample. Therefore, the correct answer is "Standard error".

Systematic sampling is a preferred sampling method for populations with a finite size because it ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. In systematic sampling, the population is first ordered or arranged in a specific order (e.g., alphabetical, numerical), and then a starting point is randomly selected. From there, every nth member of the population is chosen to be included in the sample. This method provides a systematic and unbiased way of selecting participants, making it suitable for populations with a known and limited size.

When a research problem is related to a heterogeneous population, the most suitable sampling method is stratified sampling. This method involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics or variables. Then, a random sample is selected from each stratum, ensuring that the sample represents the diversity within the population. This approach allows for a more accurate representation of the population and provides a higher level of precision in the research findings.

A cross-sectional design refers to collecting data from multiple cases at a single point in time. This design allows researchers to gather information about different individuals or groups at a specific moment, providing a snapshot of a population's characteristics or behaviors. It does not involve studying a particular section of society or comparing variables over a long period of time.

The technical process of marketing research includes studying and analyzing various aspects related to products and brands. This includes conducting research on consumer attitudes, values, and behavior towards these products and brands. By understanding consumer preferences, opinions, and purchasing behavior, companies can make informed decisions about their marketing strategies and product development.

The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It can range from -1 to 1. A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship, where one variable increases as the other decreases. A correlation coefficient of 1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship, where both variables increase or decrease together. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no linear relationship between the variables. Therefore, the range of the correlation coefficient is -1 to 1.

Marketing research is an example of applied research because it involves the practical application of research methods and techniques to solve specific marketing problems or gather information for marketing decision-making. It focuses on gathering data and analyzing it to gain insights into consumer behavior, market trends, and competitors. The findings from marketing research are used to develop marketing strategies, improve product offerings, and make informed business decisions. Therefore, marketing research fits the definition of applied research as it aims to address real-world marketing challenges and provide practical solutions.

Conceptual research is generally used by philosophers to develop new concepts. This type of research involves the exploration and development of abstract ideas and theories. It focuses on understanding and conceptualizing phenomena rather than collecting and analyzing empirical data. One-time research refers to a single research project conducted to answer a specific question, while modeling research involves creating mathematical or computer models to simulate and predict real-world phenomena. Conceptual research aligns with the purpose of philosophers to explore and create new concepts.

Information Resources Management Association (IRMA) is the correct answer because it is a global research-based professional organization. The other options, Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB), International Resources Association (IRA), and Indian Research Management (IRM), do not have the same global reach and focus on research as IRMA does.

A hypothesis is not a type of research question because it is a statement that proposes a possible explanation or prediction based on limited evidence. It is a tentative assumption that needs to be tested through research. On the other hand, predicting an outcome, evaluating a phenomenon, and developing good practice are all types of research questions. Predicting an outcome involves making a projection about a future event or result. Evaluating a phenomenon involves examining and analyzing a particular phenomenon or behavior. Developing good practice involves identifying and establishing effective methods or approaches in a specific field or area.

In descriptive research, the researcher aims to observe and describe a situation or phenomenon as it naturally occurs, without manipulating or controlling any variables. This research method focuses on gathering information and data to provide an accurate and detailed description of the subject being studied. Therefore, the correct answer is "No control over the variables" as descriptive research does not involve manipulating or controlling variables.

R.A. Fisher is credited with using the term "variance" for the first time.

Both B and C (Quasi Experimental Research and Ex Post Facto) are similar to experimental research but do not have all its features. Quasi experimental research involves manipulating an independent variable but lacks random assignment of participants to groups. Ex post facto research examines the effects of independent variables that cannot be manipulated, such as gender or age, but still seeks to establish cause and effect relationships. Both types of research share similarities with experimental research but have certain limitations or differences in their methodology.

The data collected and published by organizations like RBI, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank are considered primary data. This is because these organizations directly collect the data from various sources, such as surveys, censuses, and administrative records, for their own specific purposes. Primary data is original and firsthand information that has not been manipulated or interpreted by any other party.

The correct answer is "Holzman Inkblot Test" because HFT is an abbreviation for the Holzman Inkblot Test, which is a psychological test used in research to assess personality and cognitive functioning.

Cross cultural studies involve comparing different cultures to understand similarities and differences in various aspects such as behavior, beliefs, values, and practices. This type of study aims to gain insights into how culture influences individuals and societies. Comparative design is the most appropriate explanation for this answer as it involves comparing different groups or cultures to analyze similarities and differences. This design allows researchers to make comparisons and draw conclusions about cultural variations and their impact on various phenomena.

Dichotomous questions are the type of questions where the options are 'Yes' or 'No'. These questions provide a clear distinction between two opposite choices, allowing for a straightforward response. Open-ended questions, on the other hand, require a more detailed and subjective answer, while close-ended questions can have multiple options for response. Therefore, the correct answer is dichotomous.

Internal validity refers to whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables. This means that internal validity is concerned with determining if the observed relationship between variables is actually due to a cause-and-effect relationship, rather than being influenced by other factors or confounding variables. It is important for research studies to establish internal validity in order to draw accurate conclusions about the relationship between variables being studied.

An inductive theory allows theory to emerge out of the data. This means that instead of starting with a preconceived hypothesis or theory, the researcher collects and analyzes data, and then develops theories or explanations based on the patterns or trends observed in the data. In this approach, the researcher does not impose their own ideas or assumptions onto the data, but rather allows the data to guide the development of theory. This is in contrast to deductive theories, where a hypothesis is formulated and then tested using data.

In the data preparation process, data coding is necessary before the data classification. Data coding involves assigning numerical or categorical codes to different variables or categories within a dataset. This helps in organizing and categorizing the data in a structured manner, making it easier to analyze and classify the data accurately. Therefore, data coding is an essential step in the data preparation process before proceeding with data classification.

The correct answer is "Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis." This is because deductive theories are based on the idea of starting with a hypothesis and then testing it using empirical evidence. This approach involves formulating a specific hypothesis and then collecting data to either support or refute it. It is a systematic and structured approach that aims to draw conclusions based on logical reasoning and evidence.