Introduction To The History And Science Of Psychology/ Practice Multiple-choice
Questions and Answers
- 1.
A researcher is setting up a study to see if AP courses prepare students for college. He is sending a short survey to all of the students who have taken an AP course in the past. In this example who is considered the population?
- A.
High School students
- B.
College students
- C.
Former AP students
- D.
Former AP teachers
- E.
Incoming AP students
Correct Answer
C. Former AP studentsExplanation
The population in this study refers to the group of individuals that the researcher is interested in studying. In this case, the researcher is specifically interested in former AP students, as they are the ones who have taken an AP course in the past. Therefore, former AP students are considered the population for this study.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A researcher is interested in testing whether lecturing will mkae a difference in a student's AP Psychology score. In this example lecturing would be considered the
- A.
Confounding variable
- B.
Independent variable
- C.
Dependent variable
- D.
Operational definition
- E.
Control group
Correct Answer
B. Independent variableExplanation
In this scenario, the researcher is interested in testing the effect of lecturing on a student's AP Psychology score. The independent variable refers to the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher, which in this case is the lecturing. Therefore, the correct answer is the independent variable.Rate this question:
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- 3.
A case study is a study
- A.
Of a single individual
- B.
Distributed to large groups of people
- C.
An examination of a person in their natural habitat
- D.
A cause-and-effect study
- E.
A relationships that does not actually exist
Correct Answer
A. Of a single individualExplanation
A case study is a study that focuses on a single individual. It involves in-depth analysis and investigation of a particular person, group, or situation. This approach allows researchers to gather detailed information and gain a comprehensive understanding of the specific case being studied. By examining a single individual, researchers can explore unique circumstances, behaviors, and experiences that may not be apparent in larger group studies. This method is particularly useful in fields such as psychology, sociology, and medicine, where individual cases can provide valuable insights and contribute to the overall body of knowledge.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which explanation best describes the prupose of a carrelational research design?
- A.
The study of an individual over an extended period of time
- B.
The study of specified group in order to draw comparisons and differences
- C.
The examination of relationships between variables in order to mkae predictions
- D.
The study of cause-and-effect relationships
- E.
To examines the options of large groups of people
Correct Answer
C. The examination of relationships between variables in order to mkae predictionsExplanation
A correlational research design is used to examine the relationships between variables in order to make predictions. This means that researchers use this design to analyze how two or more variables are related to each other, without manipulating or controlling any variables. By studying these relationships, researchers can make predictions about how changes in one variable may affect another variable. This design is particularly useful when studying complex phenomena where it may not be ethical or feasible to manipulate variables.Rate this question:
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- 5.
John B. Watson supported _________ viewpoint, which is the study of overt or observable behavior; emphasizing the rocess of learning through rewards, consequences, and observation learning.
- A.
Structuralisn
- B.
Cognition
- C.
Behaviorism
- D.
Psychodynamic
- E.
Biological
Correct Answer
C. BehaviorismExplanation
John B. Watson was a psychologist who supported the behaviorism viewpoint. Behaviorism focuses on the study of overt or observable behavior, placing emphasis on the process of learning through rewards, consequences, and observation learning. It suggests that behavior can be understood and predicted by studying the environmental factors that influence it, rather than focusing on internal mental processes or unconscious motives.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Operational definitions are
- A.
The precise definitions on how each variable in an experiment will be used
- B.
The empirical data that can be observed
- C.
The variable that will show the results and the effects of the independent variable
- D.
Variables that could affect the outcome of the experiment
- E.
The theory restated
Correct Answer
A. The precise definitions on how each variable in an experiment will be usedExplanation
Operational definitions are the precise definitions on how each variable in an experiment will be used. This means that they provide clear and specific explanations of how the variables will be measured, manipulated, or observed in the context of the experiment. Operational definitions are important because they ensure that the variables are measured consistently and accurately, allowing for reliable and valid results to be obtained. By providing a standardized framework for defining variables, operational definitions help to establish the reliability and replicability of scientific experiments.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A testable prediction for a study is known as a
- A.
Theory
- B.
Hypothesis
- C.
Survey
- D.
Case study
- E.
Operational definition
Correct Answer
B. HypothesisExplanation
A testable prediction for a study is known as a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement that suggests a relationship between variables and can be tested through research and experimentation. It is an educated guess or prediction about what the researcher expects to find in their study. Hypotheses are important in scientific research as they provide a framework for conducting experiments and collecting data to either support or refute the hypothesis.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Which perspective focused on the debate and influence of nature vs. nuture?
- A.
Behavioral
- B.
Humanistic
- C.
Psychodynamic
- D.
Cognitive
- E.
Behavior-genetics
Correct Answer
E. Behavior-geneticsExplanation
Behavior-genetics is the perspective that focuses on the debate and influence of nature vs. nurture. This perspective examines how both genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) contribute to the development of behavior and personality. It seeks to understand the interplay between genetics and the environment in shaping human traits and characteristics. By studying twins, adoptees, and families, behavior-genetic researchers aim to determine the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavior and psychological traits.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A draw back with using a correlational study is that
- A.
People have a tendency to falsely answer questions
- B.
Cannot be applied to the general population
- C.
Could be influenced by confounding variables
- D.
It is hard to track down participants after a period of time
- E.
Cannot establish cause-and-effect inferences
Correct Answer
E. Cannot establish cause-and-effect inferencesExplanation
Correlational studies examine the relationship between variables, but they cannot determine causation. This means that even if a strong correlation is found between two variables, it does not mean that one variable causes the other. Other factors, known as confounding variables, could be influencing the relationship. Therefore, while correlational studies can provide valuable information about associations between variables, they cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Jimmy was randomly assigned to the group in an experiment that will be held for comparison and not be administered the independent variable. Which group is Jimmy a part of
- A.
Experimental group
- B.
Control group
- C.
Manipulation group
- D.
Confounding group
- E.
Applied group
Correct Answer
A. Experimental groupExplanation
Jimmy is assigned to the experimental group because he is part of an experiment that will be held for comparison. In an experiment, the independent variable is administered to the experimental group to measure its effects. The control group, on the other hand, does not receive the independent variable and is used as a baseline for comparison. Since Jimmy is not being administered the independent variable, he cannot be part of the control group. Manipulation group, confounding group, and applied group are not commonly used terms in experimental research, so they are not relevant to this question.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Random sampling is a
- A.
General or grand explanation, which makes predictions or observations
- B.
Specific group, community which is going to be studied
- C.
Process that allows each person within a population a chance of being chosen for a study
- D.
Testable prediction taken from a hypothesis
- E.
Process that allows each person an equal chance of being assigned to the control or experimental group
Correct Answer
C. Process that allows each person within a population a chance of being chosen for a studyExplanation
Random sampling is a process that involves selecting individuals from a population in a way that gives each person an equal chance of being chosen for a study. This method ensures that the sample is representative of the population and reduces the potential for bias. By giving everyone in the population a chance to be included, random sampling helps to ensure that the results of the study can be generalized to the larger population with a certain level of confidence.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The belief that knowledge comes from experience; either direct observation or experimentation
- A.
Structuralism
- B.
Correlational studies
- C.
Surveys
- D.
Empiricism
- E.
Functionalism
Correct Answer
D. EmpiricismExplanation
Empiricism is the correct answer because it refers to the belief that knowledge is gained through direct observation or experimentation. This perspective emphasizes the importance of sensory experience and evidence in acquiring knowledge. It contrasts with other options such as structuralism, functionalism, correlational studies, and surveys, which focus on different approaches to understanding the mind and behavior.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A researcher simply believes that most people would agree with him that smoking is dangerous. Which statement describes this doctors notion?
- A.
Social desirability effect
- B.
Illusory correlation
- C.
Operational definition
- D.
False consensus effect
- E.
Confounding variable
Correct Answer
D. False consensus effectExplanation
The false consensus effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which others share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. In this case, the researcher believes that most people would agree with him that smoking is dangerous, indicating that he may be experiencing the false consensus effect by assuming that his own beliefs are widely shared by others.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Debriefing is defines as
- A.
Information cannot be released after the experiment
- B.
Cannot cause harm to the other participants
- C.
The right to know what the experiment is about
- D.
The right to give a full explanation to the participants after the experiment
- E.
Having food ready after the experiment
Correct Answer
D. The right to give a full explanation to the participants after the experimentExplanation
Debriefing refers to the process of providing participants with a comprehensive explanation after the completion of an experiment. It involves giving them detailed information about the purpose, procedures, and outcomes of the study. This allows participants to understand the study's objectives and ensures transparency. Debriefing also provides an opportunity for participants to ask questions, express concerns, and receive any necessary support or clarification. It is essential for ethical research practices and upholds participants' right to be fully informed about their involvement in the study.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which school of psychology used the method of introspection to focus on the internal functions of the experiment is known as
- A.
Functionalism
- B.
Structuralism
- C.
Humanistic
- D.
Psychodynamic
- E.
Behavioral
Correct Answer
B. StructuralismExplanation
Structuralism is the correct answer because it was a school of psychology that focused on analyzing the structure of the mind through introspection. Introspection involved self-observation and reporting of one's own thoughts and experiences. Structuralists aimed to break down consciousness into its basic elements and understand how these elements interacted to form the overall experience. This approach was pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The belief that a researcher knew the outcome throughout the experiment and stating their belief after the experiment is know as
- A.
Overconfidence
- B.
Hindsight bias
- C.
Participant bias
- D.
Critical thinking
- E.
The scientific method
Correct Answer
B. Hindsight biasExplanation
Hindsight bias refers to the tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome. It involves the belief that the researcher knew the outcome all along, even though this may not have been the case. This bias can lead to an overestimation of one's own ability to predict or understand events, and can impact the interpretation of research findings.Rate this question:
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- 17.
A psychologist is studying the effects of parenting on independence by following a group of children for 20 years and reporting their changes and outcomes. Which type of study is this psychologist using?
- A.
Longitudinal
- B.
Experimental
- C.
Correlational study
- D.
Case study
- E.
Naturalistic observation
Correct Answer
A. LongitudinalExplanation
This psychologist is using a longitudinal study. A longitudinal study involves observing and collecting data from the same group of individuals over an extended period of time. In this case, the psychologist is studying the effects of parenting on independence by following a group of children for 20 years. By tracking the changes and outcomes of the children over this long period, the psychologist can gain valuable insights into how parenting influences independence.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Dr. Monroe did not consider that how much sleep a student recieved the night before a test as possibly having an effect on the dependant variable. The lack of sleep is considered the
- A.
Independant variable
- B.
Dependent variable
- C.
Researcher bias
- D.
Confounding variable
- E.
Manipulation of the experiment
Correct Answer
D. Confounding variableExplanation
Dr. Monroe did not consider that the amount of sleep a student received the night before a test could potentially impact the dependent variable. This oversight suggests that the lack of sleep could be a confounding variable in the study. A confounding variable is an extraneous factor that is not accounted for in the research design but can influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. In this case, the amount of sleep could be a confounding variable that affects the test performance of the students, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Dr. Morgan is interested in researching whether a protein shake drank before a test will improve a student's test score. In this experiment the student's test core is considered the
- A.
Independent variable
- B.
Confounding variable
- C.
Item of interest
- D.
Operational variable
- E.
Dependent variable
Correct Answer
E. Dependent variableExplanation
The dependent variable in this experiment is the student's test score. It is the variable that Dr. Morgan is interested in measuring and determining whether it is affected by drinking a protein shake before the test. The dependent variable is the outcome or result that is being studied and is expected to change based on the independent variable, which in this case would be drinking a protein shake.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Who believed and supported interactive dualism as the idea that the mind and body are different but do interact and influence one another?
- A.
Wilhelm Wundt
- B.
Rene Descartes
- C.
Charles Darwin
- D.
William James
- E.
Aristotle
Correct Answer
B. Rene DescartesExplanation
Rene Descartes believed and supported interactive dualism as the idea that the mind and body are different but do interact and influence one another. Dualism is the philosophical concept that separates the mind and body into two distinct entities. Descartes argued that the mind, or consciousness, is a non-physical substance that exists separately from the physical body. He believed that the mind and body interacted through the pineal gland, which allowed for communication between the two. Descartes' theory of interactive dualism had a significant influence on the development of modern psychology and the understanding of the mind-body relationship.Rate this question:
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
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May 26, 2011Quiz Created by
Mmclane
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