Glycolysis Trivia Questions

In glycolysis ADP is converted to ATP, to be used for energy in different processes.

Some of our cells can actually work because of this and also muscles

The decarboxylation of Pyruvate and the oxidation of acetate are metabolic processes that occur during cellular respiration. These processes take place in the mitochondrial matrix, which is the innermost compartment of the mitochondria. The mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes that are involved in the breakdown of pyruvate and acetate, leading to the production of ATP through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial matrix provides an optimal environment for these reactions to occur, allowing for efficient energy production.

In the preparatory stage of glycolysis, the reactions occur in a specific order to convert glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The correct order of reactions is as follows: 1. Hexokinase, which phosphorylates glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. 2. Phosphoglucose isomerase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate. 3. Phosphofructokinase, which phosphorylates fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. 4. Aldolase, which splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon molecules: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. 5. Triose phosphate isomerase, which converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This order ensures that the intermediates are properly converted and prepared for the subsequent steps of glycolysis.

Glycogen is the correct answer because it is indeed the storage carbohydrate in animals, insects, and fungi. It is a polysaccharide that serves as a reserve of glucose in these organisms. When energy is needed, glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules to provide fuel for various metabolic processes. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and can be mobilized when energy demands increase, such as during exercise or fasting.

The given answer arranges the enzymes involved in glycolysis in the correct order. Glyceraldehyde-3 Phosphate Dehydrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycerate Kinase then catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycerate Mutase converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. Enolase catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Finally, Pyruvate Kinase converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.

Ketoacidosis occurs during alcoholism, starvation, and diabetes. Alcoholism can lead to ketoacidosis due to the excessive consumption of alcohol, which can disrupt normal metabolism and lead to the accumulation of ketone bodies. Starvation can also cause ketoacidosis as the body starts to break down fat for energy, resulting in an increase in ketone production. In diabetes, particularly when blood sugar levels are poorly controlled, the body may not be able to properly utilize glucose for energy, leading to the breakdown of fat and the production of ketones.

The process of alcohol fermentation begins with glucose undergoing glycolysis, which results in the formation of 2 pyruvate molecules and the release of carbon dioxide. The 2 pyruvate molecules then undergo further reactions to produce ethyl alcohol. This is the correct answer as it accurately describes the sequential steps involved in alcohol fermentation, starting from glucose and ending with the production of ethyl alcohol.

The correct answer is that pyruvate and COA and NAD are converted to Acetyl Co A + carbondioxide+ NADH and H+. This is the correct answer because it accurately describes the conversion that occurs in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex. Pyruvate, CoA, and NAD are all substrates in this reaction, and they are converted into Acetyl Co A, carbon dioxide, NADH, and H+. This conversion is an important step in cellular respiration, as it links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.

A series of oxidation-reduction reactions results in the formation of CO2 and the transfer of electrons producing NADH and FADH2. During these reactions, molecules are oxidized, losing electrons, while other molecules are reduced, gaining those electrons. This transfer of electrons allows for the production of NADH and FADH2, which are important in cellular respiration. These reduced molecules can then be used to generate ATP, the cell's main energy source.

The correct answer is the first option: Preparatory stage where glucose is phosphorylated, Payoff stage- where 2 ATP is converted to Pyruvate and 4 ATPs. In the preparatory stage of the glycolytic pathway, glucose is phosphorylated, making it more reactive and ready for further breakdown. In the payoff stage, the phosphorylated glucose is converted into pyruvate, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 4 ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation. This explanation accurately describes the stages and processes involved in the glycolytic pathway.

Glycogen breakdown requires three enzymes: Glycogen phosphorylase, Glycogen debranching enzyme, and Phosphoglucomutase. These enzymes work together to break down glycogen into glucose molecules, which can then be used as a source of energy by the body. Glycogen phosphorylase is responsible for breaking the glucose molecules off the glycogen chain, while the debranching enzyme helps remove branches from the glycogen structure. Phosphoglucomutase then converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate, which can enter the glycolysis pathway for further energy production.

During fermentation, glycolysis provides ATP by the process of pyruvate reduction. Pyruvate is reduced by NADH, which generates NAD+. This replenishes the NAD+ required for the continuation of glycolysis, allowing the production of ATP to continue. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is an important mechanism for ATP production in anaerobic conditions. The other options mentioned, such as the conversion of phosphofructase kinase to NAD+ or the byproducts of cellular respiration, are not directly related to how glycolysis provides ATP during fermentation.

The correct answer states that three coenzymes (TPP, Lipoamide, FAD) are prosthetic groups that are bonded to their enzymes in the PDH complex, while two coenzymes (CoA, NAD+/NADH) are transiently associated with the complex. This means that the three prosthetic groups are permanently attached to their respective enzymes and play a crucial role in the catalytic reactions of the complex, while the two transiently associated coenzymes bind and unbind from the complex as needed during the reaction.

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Commencing with a single glucose molecule, glycolysis concludes with the production of two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules, four ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules. Therefore, the ultimate outcome is the formation of pyruvic acid.

Acetoacetate is converted to Acetoacetyl CoA, which is then further converted to 2 Acetyl CoA molecules. This process is known as ketogenesis and occurs in the liver during periods of prolonged fasting or low carbohydrate intake. The Acetyl CoA molecules can then enter the citric acid cycle and be used as an energy source by the body. This is the correct answer because it accurately describes the production of ketone bodies.

Creatine phosphate is the correct answer because it is a high-energy compound that can rapidly regenerate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that provides energy for muscle contraction. During intense exercise, when oxygen supply is limited, creatine phosphate can be broken down to produce ATP, allowing muscles to continue working for a short period without oxygen. This process is important for activities that require short bursts of intense effort, such as sprinting or weightlifting.

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that are produced during cellular respiration. These molecules have high reducing potentials, meaning they readily donate electrons to other molecules. In the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons to a series of protein complexes, which creates a flow of electrons and generates energy. This energy is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the reducing potentials of NADH and FADH2 play a crucial role in the production of ATP.

The energy in Malate Dehydrogenase is positive because it catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate by transferring a hydride ion from malate to NAD+, resulting in the formation of NADH. This transfer of electrons leads to a decrease in the free energy of the system, making it energetically favorable and therefore positive.

The Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway that describes the conversion of glucose to lactate in muscles and the subsequent conversion of lactate back to glucose in the liver. In this process, during intense exercise, muscles produce lactate through glycolysis as a result of the breakdown of glucose. Lactate is then transported to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate and then to glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis. This glucose is released into the bloodstream and can be used by other tissues for energy. Meanwhile, glycolysis continues in muscles to provide them with energy.

The correct answer is TCA cycle. The TCA cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. It is an important metabolic pathway that plays a central role in the oxidation of various molecules, including acetate. During the TCA cycle, acetate is further oxidized to produce energy in the form of ATP. Therefore, the TCA cycle is the correct answer as it is the pathway where acetate is oxidized further.

The PDH Complex uses 5 coenzymes. Coenzymes are molecules that assist enzymes in their function. In the case of the PDH Complex, these coenzymes help in the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which is an important step in cellular respiration. The 5 coenzymes used by the PDH Complex are thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoic acid, coenzyme A (CoA), NAD+, and FAD. Each of these coenzymes plays a specific role in the overall reaction, facilitating the transfer of electrons and the formation of acetyl-CoA.

The correct answer is the hydrolysis of the thioester. Citrate Synthase is an enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle, which is a series of chemical reactions that produce energy in the form of ATP. The hydrolysis of the thioester is a crucial step in the reaction catalyzed by Citrate Synthase, as it allows the enzyme to bind with acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate. This reaction is essential for the proper functioning of the citric acid cycle and the production of ATP.

During starvation conditions, the brain adapts and can derive 80 percent of its energy from ketone bodies. This is because when the body is deprived of glucose, it starts breaking down fats for energy production. As a result, ketone bodies are produced as an alternative fuel source, which the brain can utilize efficiently. This adaptation allows the brain to continue functioning even in the absence of glucose, ensuring its survival during periods of food scarcity.

The correct answer is lipid metabolic disorders. Hypoketotic state refers to a condition where the body is unable to produce sufficient ketone bodies for energy. This is commonly seen in lipid metabolic disorders, where there is a dysfunction in the metabolism of lipids, leading to a decrease in the production of ketone bodies. Therefore, the correct answer is lipid metabolic disorders.

Ketone bodies are produced in the liver during periods of prolonged fasting or low carbohydrate intake. They serve as an alternative energy source when glucose is scarce. While the brain can utilize ketone bodies as an energy source during prolonged fasting, it primarily relies on glucose for energy. On the other hand, the cardiac muscle and renal cortex have a higher capacity to use ketone bodies as an energy source. Therefore, ketone bodies are used as an energy source in the cardiac muscle and renal cortex, but not the brain.