Functional Anatomy Upper Extremity

The statement is true because the popliteal ligament does indeed have a lateral band that extends to the lateral epicondyle of the femur. This extension helps to strengthen the posterior-lateral capsule.

The correct answer is scapula, humerus, clavicle. These three bones make up the shoulder region. The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a flat bone that connects the upper arm bone, or humerus, to the collarbone, or clavicle. Together, these bones provide stability and mobility to the shoulder joint, allowing for a wide range of movements. The ulna and radius are bones of the forearm, not the shoulder region. The thorax, acromion, and none of the above options are not part of the basic parts of the shoulder region.

The blood supply of the knee is derived from multiple sources. One of the sources is the descending branch from the lateral circumflex femoral artery, which provides blood to the knee joint. Additionally, the genicular branches of the popliteal artery and recurrent branches of the anterior tibial artery also contribute to the blood supply of the knee. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately describes the various sources of blood supply to the knee.

The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that surrounds the edge of the glenoid fossa, which is part of the shoulder joint. It functions to deepen the glenoid fossa, providing stability and support to the shoulder joint. Therefore, the statement "The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the glenoid fossa" is true.

The statement is true because the medial meniscus is indeed large and C-shaped. It is a cartilaginous structure located in the knee joint between the femur and tibia bones. Its C-shape provides stability and helps to distribute the weight and forces exerted on the knee joint during movement.

The statement is true because the knee joint is innervated by multiple nerves. The obturator nerve supplies the medial aspect of the knee joint, while the femoral nerve provides innervation to the anterior aspect. The tibial nerve innervates the posterior aspect, and the common fibular nerve innervates the lateral aspect. Therefore, all four nerves mentioned contribute to the articular innervation of the knee joint.

The statement is true because the elbow capsule does indeed enclose the entire elbow joint complex. It is a thin structure both anteriorly and posteriorly. Furthermore, it is continuous medially with the ulnar collateral ligament and laterally with the radial collateral ligament.

The statement is true because the metacarpal heads, which are the rounded ends of the metacarpal bones in the hand, are indeed biconvex, meaning they have a rounded shape on both sides. In contrast, the bases of the metacarpal bones, which connect to the carpals in the wrist, are generally flat in relation to the distal row of carpals. This anatomical feature allows for stability and proper alignment of the hand bones during movement.

The labrum is a ring of cartilage that lines the socket of the shoulder joint. It helps to deepen the socket and provide stability to the joint. Additionally, the labrum aids in lubrication by producing synovial fluid, similar to the meniscus in the knee. This fluid helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows for smooth movement of the joint. Therefore, the statement that the labrum aids in lubrication like the meniscus of the knee is true. Moreover, the labrum also serves to protect the bone by acting as a cushion between the bones, preventing them from rubbing against each other and causing damage.

The humeroradial joint refers to the articulation between the distal end of the humerus, specifically the capitulum, and the proximal radius. This joint allows for flexion and extension of the forearm. The statement accurately describes the location and nature of the humeroradial joint, making the answer true.

The statement is true because the lateral meniscus is indeed smaller than the medial meniscus and has a more circular shape. Additionally, the lateral meniscus is attached to various structures such as the popliteus muscle, the lateral meniscopatellar ligament, and the meniscofemoral ligament.

During flexion of the knee joint, the femoral condyles roll posteriorly, which means they move towards the back of the knee joint. At the same time, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) becomes taut or tight. This tension in the ACL causes the femoral condyles to glide anteriorly, meaning they move towards the front of the knee joint. This movement helps to stabilize the knee joint during flexion and prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia. Therefore, the statement is true.

The statement "all of the above are true" means that all three statements mentioned in the question are correct. According to the given options, the semimembranous bursae is indeed located between the muscle and femoral condyle. The gastrocnemius bursae does have both a medial and lateral aspect, and the medial bursa usually communicates with the semimembranosus bursa. Lastly, the pes anserine bursa is indeed located between the pes anserine and MCL. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the statements mentioned in the question are true.

The statement is true. The capsule of the shoulder joint attaches laterally to the humeral anatomical neck and extends down the shaft of the humerus for about 1 cm. This attachment helps to stabilize the joint and maintain its integrity during movement.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the statement accurately describes the structure of the proximal and distal ends of the phalanges. The proximal ends are biconcave with a ridge in the center, while the distal ends are pulley-shaped and mostly biconvex with a groove in the center. Therefore, the statement is true.

The ulna is one of the two bones in the forearm, and it is located on the inner side of the arm. The distal end of the ulna refers to the end closer to the wrist. The statement suggests that the ulna is convex at its distal end relative to the triquetrum, which is a small bone in the wrist. "Convex" means curved outward, so the statement implies that the ulna has a curved shape at its distal end compared to the triquetrum. This statement is true because the ulna does indeed have a convex shape at its distal end relative to the triquetrum.

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, extends laterally and links the manubrium (the upper part of the sternum) to the acromion (a bony process of the scapula). This connection provides stability and allows for movement of the shoulder joint.

The explanation for the given answer is that it accurately describes the different joints in the foot. The talocrural joint is formed by the tibia, fibula, talus, and inferior tibiofibular ligament. The subtalar joint consists of the talus and calcaneus, and there are anterior and posterior talocalcaneal joints. The talonavicular joint is formed by the talus and navicular, located on the medial side of the foot. The calcaneocuboid joint is formed by the calcaneus and cuboid, located on the lateral side of the foot. The tarsometatarsal joint involves the articulation of the cuneiforms and cuboid with the five metatarsals, with the first being the strongest and the second being the longest. The third metatarsal articulates with the third cuneiform, while the fourth and fifth metatarsals articulate with the cuneiform bone.

The correct answer is "all of the above". This means that all of the statements provided are true. The lateral meniscus is indeed separated from the LCL and lateral capsule by the popliteus muscle tendon. The function of the menisci includes deepening the fossa of the tibia and increasing the congruency of the tibia and femur. Additionally, the menisci provide stability to the tibiofemoral joint, as well as shock absorption and lubrication to the knee. They also reduce friction during movement and improve weight distribution.

The inferior capsule refers to the connective tissue surrounding a joint. It is considered to be the least supported and most lax, meaning it has the least amount of stability and is the most flexible. This is because the inferior capsule is typically thinner and less reinforced compared to other parts of the joint capsule. Therefore, the statement that the inferior capsule is least supported and most lax is true.

The correct answer is carpals, phalanges, metacarpals, radius, and ulna. This answer includes all the bones that make up the osteology of the wrist. The carpals are the small bones in the wrist, the phalanges are the bones in the fingers, the metacarpals are the bones in the palm of the hand, and the radius and ulna are the bones in the forearm that connect to the wrist.

The statement "all of the above are true" means that all the statements mentioned in the question regarding the biomechanics of the knee joint proper are false. This implies that the condyles of the knee do not roll and glide simultaneously, the initial movement of the knee is not pure rolling and does not end in pure gliding, the medial condyle does not have pure rolling during the first 10 to 15 degrees of flexion, and the lateral condyle does not have rolling until 120 degrees of flexion.

The term "proximal" refers to the part of a structure that is closest to the body or the point of attachment. In the case of the proximal row of carpal bones, the proximal aspect refers to the part of the row that is closest to the body. The term "biconvex" means having two convex surfaces. Therefore, the correct answer "biconvex" indicates that the proximal aspect of the proximal row of carpal bones has two convex surfaces.

During extension, the femoral condyles, which are the rounded ends of the thigh bone, roll backward. This movement causes the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), a ligament in the knee joint, to become tight. As a result, the femoral condyles glide forward or anteriorly. This statement is true because it accurately describes the movement of the femoral condyles and the tension on the ACL during extension of the knee joint.

the menisci do follow the tibia with flexion/extension and femoral condlyes; the medial menisicus moves 6mm while the lateral meniscus moves 12 mm.

The proximal end of the humerus is approximately half the shape of a spheroid.

The given correct answer is "all of the above." This means that all of the statements mentioned in the question are false. According to the answer, the meniscal motion is not influenced by soft structures, the medial meniscus is not pulled posteriorly during flexion by the semimembranosus muscle and the ACL, the medial meniscus is not pulled anteriorly by the medial meniscopatellar ligament, and it is not held firm by attachment to the MCL and fibrous capsule. Additionally, the lateral meniscus is not pulled posteriorly by the popliteus muscle and anteriorly into extension by the lateral meniscopatellar ligament and meniscofemoral ligament.

The glenoid fossa is a shallow depression on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is the site where the head of the humerus articulates, forming the shoulder joint. The glenoid fossa faces anteriorly, which means it is positioned towards the front of the body. Additionally, it faces laterally and superiorly, meaning it is oriented towards the side and upper part of the body. This allows for a wide range of movement in the shoulder joint.

The head of the humerus is retroverted at an angle of 20-30 degrees. Retroversion refers to the backward or posterior tilt of the head of the humerus in relation to the shaft of the bone. This retroversion is important for proper alignment and function of the shoulder joint, allowing for a wider range of motion and stability during movements such as abduction and external rotation.

The distal radial ulnar joint consists of the convex ulna articulating with the concave radius. This means that the end of the ulna bone is shaped like a convex surface, while the end of the radius bone is shaped like a concave surface. These surfaces fit together to form a joint that allows for rotation and movement of the forearm.

The bursae of the knee are fluid-filled sacs that help reduce friction and cushion the movement of tendons and ligaments around the knee joint. The prepatellar bursa is located between the skin and the anterior distal patella, providing cushioning between the patella and the skin. The superficial infrapatellar bursa is located anterior to the ligamentum patella, providing cushioning between the ligament and the skin. The deep infrapatellar bursa is located between the posterior ligamentum patella and the anterior tibial tuberosity, providing cushioning between these structures. The suprapatellar bursa is located between the patella and the tibia femoral joint, providing cushioning between these structures. The popliteal bursa is located posterior to the knee and is often connected to the synovial cavity, providing cushioning in the back of the knee.

The correct answer explains the four steps of evidence-based practice. First, a clinical problem is identified and an answerable question is developed. Then, a systematic review is conducted to collect the best evidence available. Next, the research evidence is summarized and critically analyzed. Finally, the research evidence is synthesized and applied to clinical practice. This process ensures that decisions and interventions in healthcare are based on the best available evidence.

The proximal radio-ulnar joint consists of both the radial head, which is ovoid and cone-shaped, and the medial radius, which is convex and attaches with the radial notch of the ulna, which is concave. Therefore, the correct answer is A and B.

The correct answer is "articular cartilage which is thicker peripherally, and thinner centrally." This means that the articular cartilage on the internal surface of the labrum is thicker towards the outer edges and thinner towards the center. This distribution of thickness may have functional implications for the labrum's role in joint stability and load distribution.

The correct answer is "multiple" because the question asks about the number of burase found within the shoulder region, and "multiple" means more than one. This suggests that there are more than one burase present in the shoulder region.

The scapula sits over ribs 2-7.

The subthalamus is a part of the diencephalon, which is responsible for regulating several functional pathways for sensory, motor, and reticular function. This means that it plays a role in controlling various processes related to sensation, movement, and the reticular activating system, which is responsible for maintaining wakefulness and attention. The subthalamus does not regulate the functions of the autonomic system, maintain body temperature, improve vestibular orientation, or integrate visceral information.

The correct answer is "medial to the glenoid labrum, glenoid margin, and coracoid process." This means that the capsule of the shoulder attaches on the inner side of the glenoid labrum, glenoid margin, and coracoid process.

The correct answer is "all of the above are true." This means that all of the statements provided in the question are correct. The transverse ligament does connect the lateral and medial meniscus anteriorly, the meniscopatellar ligament does run from the inferolateral edges of the patella to the lateral borders of each meniscus and pulls the menisci forward with extension, the alar fold does run from the lateral borders of the patella to the medial and lateral aspects of the femoral condyles keeping the patella in contact with the femur, and the infrapatellar fold is indeed formed by attachments of the patella fat pad and tendons via a fibroadipose band lying in the intercondylar notch, acting as a stop gap when compressed by the patella tendon in full flexion.

The orientation of the glenoid fossa places true abduction at 30 degrees anterior to the frontal plane. This means that when the arm is raised to the side, it will be angled 30 degrees forward from the frontal plane of the body. This position allows for optimal movement and stability of the shoulder joint during abduction.

not-available-via-ai

The distal aspect of the proximal row of the carpal bones is concave at the lunate/capitate and triquetrum/hamate articulations. The scaphoid is convex anterior/posterior and concave medial/lateral relative to the trapezium/trapezoid. The capitate is convex and articulates with the hamate, scaphoid, and trapezoid. Therefore, the correct answer is a, b, c.

The radius is biconcave relative to the carpals.

The labrum attaches to the capsule superiorly, inferiorly, and superiorly to the long head of the biceps. This means that the labrum is connected to the capsule in three locations: above, below, and above the long head of the biceps tendon. This attachment helps to stabilize the shoulder joint and provide support to the biceps tendon during movement.

The trochlea and trochlea notch face 45 degrees anteriorly, not posteriorly allowing space between the ulna and the humerus during flexion.

The longitudinal axis of the head of the humerus is 135 degrees from the axis of the neck.

The oblique ligament strengthens the medial capsule because it connects the medial meniscus to the medial condyle of the tibia, providing stability to the inner side of the knee joint. On the other hand, the arcuate or y ligament strengthens the lateral capsule by attaching the lateral meniscus to the head of the fibula, providing stability to the outer side of the knee joint. Therefore, the given answer is correct.

The correct answer is A and B. The hypothalamus is a part of the diencephalon and is responsible for regulating body temperature and integrating and controlling the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system. It also helps maintain body homeostasis, regulates body temperature, eating, water balance, anterior pituitary function/sexual behavior, and emotion.

The primary bursa involved with pathology is found under the acromion and coracoacromial ligament and between the supraspinatus tendon. This is supported by the answer options B and C, which state that the subacromial bursa between the deltoid and the capsule and the bursa under the acromion and coracoacromial ligament are both involved with pathology.

The elbow joint receives blood supply from multiple structures including the brachial artery, anterior ulnar recurrent artery, posterior ulnar recurrent artery, radial recurrent artery, and the middle collateral branch of the deep brachial artery. These arteries provide oxygenated blood to the joint, ensuring its proper functioning and nourishment.