1.
Which back muscle’s origin is the fascia of the back?
Correct Answer
B. Latissimus dorsi
Explanation
The correct answer is Latissimus dorsi. The origin of the Latissimus dorsi muscle is the fascia of the back. The muscle originates from the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, as well as the iliac crest and the lower ribs. It is a large muscle that extends from the lower back to the upper arm and is responsible for movements such as shoulder adduction, extension, and medial rotation.
2.
How many layers of thoracolumbar fascia are there?
Correct Answer
C. 3
Explanation
The thoracolumbar fascia is a deep fascia that covers the muscles of the lower back. It consists of three layers: anterior, middle, and posterior. These layers provide support and stability to the muscles and help transmit forces generated during movement. Each layer has different attachments and functions, contributing to the overall function of the thoracolumbar fascia. Therefore, the correct answer is 3.
3.
Which is NOT a flat bone:
Correct Answer
B. Clavicle
Explanation
The clavicle is not a flat bone. It is a long bone that is part of the shoulder girdle. Flat bones are thin and flattened, such as the scapula, sternum, and ribs, which are all correctly identified in the question as flat bones.
4.
Which of the following does the Scapula NOT have 3 of:
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
The scapula does not have three of any of the mentioned structures. The scapula has two angles, namely the superior and inferior angles. It has two sides, the medial and lateral borders. It has two fossa, the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa. And it has three processes, namely the acromion process, coracoid process, and the spine of the scapula. Therefore, none of the above options are correct.
5.
An accidental gunshot wound during a community hunting expedition tore through the nuchal ligament. Which of the following muscles was likely NOT injured.
Correct Answer
C. Rhomboid major
Explanation
The nuchal ligament is located in the back of the neck and helps support the head and neck. The muscles listed are all located in the back and are involved in various movements of the shoulder and neck. The trapezius, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, and splenius muscles are all in close proximity to the nuchal ligament and could potentially be injured by a gunshot wound in that area. However, the serratus posterior superior muscle is located lower down on the back and is not directly associated with the nuchal ligament, making it less likely to be injured in this scenario.
6.
The nuchae ligament is an extension of which ligament?
Correct Answer
A. Supraspinous ligament
Explanation
The nuchae ligament is an extension of the supraspinous ligament. This ligament runs along the tips of the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, and it helps to support and stabilize the spine. The nuchae ligament specifically extends from the base of the skull to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra.
7.
Dorsal primary rami are larger than the ventral primary rami.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because ventral primary rami are actually larger than dorsal primary rami. The ventral primary rami supply nerves to the anterior and lateral parts of the body, including the limbs, while the dorsal primary rami supply nerves to the posterior parts of the body, such as the back. Therefore, the ventral primary rami are responsible for innervating a larger area of the body compared to the dorsal primary rami.
8.
Dorsal primary rami supply the intrinsic back muscles.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The dorsal primary rami are branches of the spinal nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the back. They are responsible for innervating the intrinsic back muscles, which are the muscles located deep within the back. Therefore, it is true that the dorsal primary rami supply the intrinsic back muscles.
9.
Which of the following is made up of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles?
Correct Answer
B. Posterior Axio-appendicular muscles
Explanation
The posterior axio-appendicular muscles are made up of both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles are located within the back and are responsible for movements of the spine and ribs. The extrinsic muscles are located outside of the back and connect the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton, allowing for movements of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs. Therefore, the posterior axio-appendicular muscles are a combination of both types of muscles.
10.
Which muscles are in layer 1 of the extrinsic back muscles?
Correct Answer(s)
F. Latissimus Dorsi
J. Trapezius
Explanation
Layer 1 of the extrinsic back muscles includes the Latissimus Dorsi and Trapezius muscles. These muscles are located superficially in the back and play important roles in various movements of the shoulder and upper back. The Latissimus Dorsi muscle is responsible for adducting, extending, and internally rotating the arm, while the Trapezius muscle helps to stabilize and move the scapula. Both muscles are large and easily visible on the surface of the back.
11.
Which muscles are in layer 2 of the extrinsic back muscles?
Correct Answer(s)
A. Levator scapulae
D. Rhomboid minor
G. Rhomboid major
Explanation
The muscles in layer 2 of the extrinsic back muscles include the Levator scapulae, Rhomboid minor, and Rhomboid major. These muscles are located deep to the Trapezius muscle and play a role in stabilizing and moving the scapula (shoulder blade).
12.
Which muscles are in layer 3 of the extrinsic back muscles?
Correct Answer(s)
B. Serratus Posterior Superior
I. Serratus Posterior Inferior
Explanation
Layer 3 of the extrinsic back muscles includes the Serratus Posterior Superior and Serratus Posterior Inferior muscles. These muscles are located deep to the Trapezius muscle and play a role in stabilizing and moving the ribcage. The Serratus Posterior Superior muscle is responsible for elevating the ribs during inhalation, while the Serratus Posterior Inferior muscle aids in depressing the ribs during exhalation.
13.
What is the innervation of Trapezius
Correct Answer
A. Spinal Accessory
Explanation
The innervation of the Trapezius muscle is provided by the Spinal Accessory nerve. This nerve originates from the spinal cord and travels to the Trapezius muscle, enabling it to receive motor signals and control its movement. The other options mentioned, such as the Thoracodorsal nerve, Axillary nerve, and Dorsal Scapular nerve, are not responsible for innervating the Trapezius muscle.
14.
Which muscle is important for overhead abduction?
Correct Answer
C. Trapezius
Explanation
The trapezius muscle is important for overhead abduction. This muscle is located in the upper back and neck region and is responsible for the movement of the shoulder blade. When the arm is lifted overhead, the trapezius muscle helps to stabilize and control the movement of the shoulder blade, allowing for smooth and controlled abduction of the arm.
15.
Which muscle is associated with the superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery?
Correct Answer
A. Trapezius
Explanation
The correct answer is Trapezius because the superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery supplies blood to the trapezius muscle. This muscle is located in the upper back and is responsible for movements of the shoulder blade and neck.
16.
Which muscle is considered the swimming muscle?
Correct Answer
D. Latissimus Dorsi
Explanation
The Latissimus Dorsi muscle is considered the swimming muscle because it is the largest muscle in the back and plays a crucial role in swimming movements. It is responsible for the pulling motion of the arms during swimming strokes, providing power and propulsion in the water. The Latissimus Dorsi muscle is particularly important in freestyle and butterfly strokes, where strong and coordinated movements of the arms are required for efficient swimming.
17.
Which of the following is not involved in the triangle of auscultation?
Correct Answer
D. Internal Oblique muscle
Explanation
The triangle of auscultation is an area on the back where lung sounds can be heard more clearly. It is bounded by the trapezius muscle, the latissimus dorsi muscle, and the scapula border. The internal oblique muscle is not involved in this triangle, as it is located on the anterior abdominal wall and not on the back.
18.
What is the clinical importance of the lumbar triangle?
Correct Answer
B. Hernias
Explanation
The lumbar triangle is clinically important because it is a common site for hernias to occur. Hernias are a condition where an organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. In the case of the lumbar triangle, hernias can occur due to the weakness of the posterior abdominal wall. This can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, and a bulge in the lower back or flank area. Therefore, understanding the clinical importance of the lumbar triangle is crucial for diagnosing and treating hernias in this region.
19.
Which muscle is a border for 2 important triangles?
Correct Answer
B. Latissimus Dorsi
Explanation
The latissimus dorsi muscle is a border for two important triangles: the posterior triangle and the quadrangular space. The posterior triangle is formed by the trapezius muscle superiorly, the clavicle anteriorly, and the latissimus dorsi muscle posteriorly. The quadrangular space is formed by the teres major muscle superiorly, the long head of the triceps brachii muscle inferiorly, the surgical neck of the humerus laterally, and the teres minor muscle medially, with the latissimus dorsi muscle forming its posterior border.
20.
Which muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?
Correct Answer
B. Latissimus Dorsi
Explanation
The latissimus dorsi muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve. The thoracodorsal nerve arises from the brachial plexus and supplies motor innervation to the latissimus dorsi muscle. This muscle is responsible for various movements of the shoulder joint, including adduction, extension, and medial rotation.
21.
Which muscle is considered a push up muscle?
Correct Answer
D. Rhomboid Major
Explanation
The Rhomboid Major muscle is considered a push-up muscle because it is responsible for retracting and stabilizing the scapulae, which is necessary for proper form and execution of a push-up. This muscle helps to pull the shoulder blades together, allowing for a stronger and more controlled push-up movement.
22.
Which muscle is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
Correct Answer
C. Levator Scapulae
Explanation
The correct answer is Levator Scapulae. The levator scapulae muscle is innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve. This nerve originates from the brachial plexus and provides motor innervation to the levator scapulae muscle, which is responsible for elevating the scapula. The other muscles listed, such as the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and serratus posterior superior, are not innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve.
23.
Which artery supplies the serratus posterior muscles?
Correct Answer
D. Intercostal arteries
Explanation
The intercostal arteries supply the serratus posterior muscles. These arteries run along the spaces between the ribs and provide blood to the muscles and tissues in this region. The superficial and deep branches of the transverse cervical artery do not specifically supply the serratus posterior muscles. The thoracodorsal artery supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle, not the serratus posterior muscles.
24.
Which muscles play an important role in inspiration?
Correct Answer
D. Serratus Posterior muscles
Explanation
The serratus posterior muscles play an important role in inspiration. These muscles are located on the back and help to elevate the ribs during inhalation. When the serratus posterior muscles contract, they assist in expanding the chest cavity, allowing for the intake of air into the lungs.
25.
Which of the following is a function of the Serratus Posterior muscles?
Correct Answer
A. Increasing vertical diameter of the thoracic cage
Explanation
The Serratus Posterior muscles are responsible for increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cage. These muscles are located on the back and play a role in expanding the ribcage during inhalation, allowing for increased lung capacity. They work in conjunction with other muscles involved in respiration to facilitate efficient breathing.
26.
Which of the following are innervated by Dorsal primary rami?
Correct Answer(s)
E. SpinoTransversalis
F. Sacrospinalis
G. Transversospinalis
H. Kinesiology monitors
27.
Which group does Splenius capitis belong to?
Correct Answer
A. Spinotransversalis
28.
Which group does Splenius capitis belong to?
Correct Answer
A. Spinotransversalis
Explanation
Splenius capitis belongs to the group Spinotransversalis.
29.
Which group does Iliocostalis belong to?
Correct Answer
B. Sacrospinalis
Explanation
Iliocostalis belongs to the group Sacrospinalis.
30.
Which group does Longissimus belong to?
Correct Answer
B. Sacrospinalis
Explanation
Longissimus belongs to the group Sacrospinalis. This is evident from the fact that the other options, Spinotransversalis, Transversospinalis, and Kinesiology monitors, do not refer to any muscle group. Sacrospinalis, on the other hand, is a group of muscles located in the back that includes the Longissimus muscle.
31.
Which group does Spinalis belong to?
Correct Answer
B. Sacrospinalis
Explanation
Spinalis belongs to the group called Sacrospinalis.
32.
Which group do the Semispinalis muscles belong to?
Correct Answer
C. Transversospinalis
Explanation
The Semispinalis muscles belong to the Transversospinalis group.
33.
Which group does the Rotatores belong to?
Correct Answer
C. Transversospinalis
Explanation
The Rotatores belong to the group Transversospinalis.
34.
Which group does Multifidus belong to?
Correct Answer
C. Transversospinalis
Explanation
Multifidus belongs to the group Transversospinalis. This group consists of a set of deep muscles located in the back that run along the spine. Multifidus specifically plays a role in stabilizing and supporting the spine, helping to maintain proper posture and movement.
35.
Where does multifidus attach?
Correct Answer
D. Mammilary process
Explanation
The multifidus muscle attaches to the mammillary process. The mammillary process is a small bony projection on the posterior aspect of each of the lumbar vertebrae. The multifidus muscle is a deep muscle of the back that helps stabilize and extend the spine. By attaching to the mammillary process, the multifidus muscle contributes to the overall stability and movement of the lumbar spine.
36.
Which group does interspinalis belong to?
Correct Answer
D. Kinesiology monitor
37.
Which group does intertransversarii belong to?
Correct Answer
D. Kinesiology monitors
38.
Which group does levator costae belong to?
Correct Answer
D. Kinesiology monitors
39.
A stab wound in the back during a gang war left a first year undergraduate with inability to raise his arms above his shoulder, what nerve(s) have been damaged?
Correct Answer
C. Spinal accessory and long thoracic
Explanation
The spinal accessory nerve and the long thoracic nerve have been damaged. The spinal accessory nerve controls the movement of the trapezius muscle, which is responsible for raising the arms above the shoulder. The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle, which also assists in raising the arms. Therefore, damage to both of these nerves would result in the inability to raise the arms above the shoulder.
40.
A pilot who lost the function of his parachute was lucky to come on with only a fall on his back with crush injury of some muscles of the back and dorsal primary rami: Which of those injured muscles are innervated by these nerves
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
All of the muscles mentioned (Splenius, Iliocostalis, Semispinalis, Levator costae) are innervated by the dorsal primary rami of the spinal nerves. The dorsal primary rami are responsible for supplying the deep muscles of the back, including these muscles. Therefore, it is likely that all of these muscles would be affected by the crush injury, as they are innervated by the same nerves.
41.
Which nerve supplies the sub occipital region?
Correct Answer
B. Sub-occipital nerve
Explanation
The sub-occipital region is supplied by the sub-occipital nerve. This nerve is responsible for innervating the muscles located at the base of the skull, including the rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, and obliquus capitis superior muscles. It plays a role in controlling head movements and providing sensory information from this region. The other options mentioned, such as the ventral primary rami, spinal accessory, and dorsal scapular nerve, are not specifically associated with the sub-occipital region.
42.
Which is NOT involved in the suboccipital triangle?
Correct Answer
B. Rectus Capitus Posterior Minor
Explanation
The suboccipital triangle is a small region located at the base of the skull, formed by the rectus capitus posterior major, obliquus capitus superior, and obliquus capitus inferior muscles. These muscles play a role in the movement and stabilization of the head and neck. The rectus capitus posterior minor, however, is not involved in the suboccipital triangle. It is a small muscle located deep to the rectus capitus posterior major and has a different function, namely assisting in the rotation and extension of the head.
43.
Which does NOT attach to the atlas?
Correct Answer
A. Rectus Capitus Posterior Major
Explanation
The correct answer is Rectus Capitus Posterior Major. The atlas is the first cervical vertebra in the spine, and it does not have any direct attachments to the Rectus Capitus Posterior Major muscle. The other options listed are all muscles that do attach to the atlas.
44.
Jefferson Fracture would affect which muscle?
Correct Answer
A. Obliquus capitis Inferior
Explanation
The Jefferson Fracture is a type of fracture that occurs in the ring of bones at the base of the skull called the atlas. The obliquus capitis inferior muscle, also known as the inferior oblique muscle, is located in the neck and is responsible for rotating and tilting the head. If a Jefferson Fracture were to occur, it could potentially affect the function of this muscle.
45.
In a motor accident, the axis of a young man was crushed, which of the muscles of the suboccipital region was spared?
Correct Answer
B. Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Explanation
In a motor accident where the axis of a young man was crushed, the muscles of the suboccipital region are likely to be affected. However, the Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor muscle is spared. This muscle is located in the suboccipital region and helps with the extension and rotation of the head. Despite the trauma to the axis, this particular muscle remains unaffected.
46.
Where should a spinal tap be performed?
Correct Answer
C. L3/L4
Explanation
A spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes. The procedure is typically performed between the L3 and L4 vertebrae, as this location provides the best access to the CSF without the risk of damaging the spinal cord. The L3/L4 level also allows for easier identification of the spinal landmarks, ensuring accurate placement of the needle. Therefore, L3/L4 is the appropriate location for performing a spinal tap.
47.
In order to investigate a patient with most features of meningitis a physician decides to perform a lumbar puncture to withdraw CSF from ____ space
Correct Answer
C. Subarachnoid
Explanation
A lumbar puncture is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the lower back to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes. In this case, the physician wants to investigate a patient with most features of meningitis, which is an inflammation of the meninges (the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). The CSF is located in the subarachnoid space, which is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, two of the meninges. Therefore, the physician would perform the lumbar puncture to withdraw CSF from the subarachnoid space.
48.
In a caudal epidural anesthesia the needle is inserted into which one of the following spaces of the vertebral structure?
Correct Answer
A. Epidural
Explanation
In a caudal epidural anesthesia, the needle is inserted into the epidural space of the vertebral structure. The epidural space is located outside the dura mater and contains fat, blood vessels, and connective tissue. By injecting medication into the epidural space, anesthesia can be achieved in the lower part of the body, such as the pelvic region and lower limbs. This technique is commonly used during childbirth or for surgical procedures in the lower abdomen or legs.
49.
Which is NOT pierced in epidural anaesthesia?
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
In epidural anesthesia, a needle is inserted into the space between the vertebrae and the dura mater (the outermost layer of the spinal cord). This allows for the administration of anesthesia into the epidural space, which is between the dura mater and the ligaments that surround the spinal cord. The pia mater and arachnoid mater are inner layers of the spinal cord and are not pierced during epidural anesthesia. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as none of the mentioned layers are pierced.
50.
A 5-YO son of an African-American single mom was brought to the family physician by his worried mom who complained about a tuft of hair at his back with no functional losses, what is his diagnosis?
Correct Answer
A. Spina Bifida
Explanation
Spina Bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs during fetal development when the spinal column doesn't close completely. It can result in various symptoms, including a tuft of hair at the back. This condition is more common in African-American individuals. The fact that the child has no functional losses suggests a mild form of Spina Bifida, such as Spina Bifida Occulta, where the spinal cord and nerves are usually unaffected. Therefore, Spina Bifida is the most likely diagnosis in this case.