Food And Nutrition 3rd Edition - Chapter 36 Testbank

An allergy is an example of an aberrant or idiosyncratic response of the immune system. In allergies, the immune system overreacts to a harmless substance, such as pollen or certain foods, and produces an exaggerated response. This can result in symptoms like sneezing, itching, hives, and difficulty breathing. Unlike other conditions listed, such as cardiovascular disease, marasmus, or osteoarthritis, allergies specifically involve an abnormal immune response.

Malnutrition involves inadequate consumption of protein and energy, as well as excess energy and poor micronutrient intake. It can also include adequate energy intake but poor protein and micronutrient intake. Therefore, the correct answer is a, b, and c.

People embarking on weight loss diets should be advised to eat nutrient-dense foods because these foods provide essential nutrients while being lower in calories. Nutrient-dense foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. By choosing these foods, individuals can meet their nutritional needs while still creating a calorie deficit for weight loss. This approach ensures that they are getting the necessary vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients for overall health and well-being.

The correct answer is "a and b". NAIDS is related to the acquisition of immune deficiency or dysfunction due to nutritional factors, which can occur from malnutrition. It is not related to diseases of affluence. Therefore, both options "a" (related to nutritional factors) and "b" (occurring from malnutrition) are correct.

Obesity is thought to have negative effects on immune function. Excessive body fat can lead to chronic low-grade inflammation, which impairs the immune system's ability to fight off infections and diseases. Additionally, obesity is associated with a decrease in the production and function of immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer cells. This weakened immune response can make individuals more susceptible to infections and can also contribute to the development of chronic diseases.

Being slightly overweight is not typically a cause for concern regarding immune function. While obesity can have negative effects on the immune system, being slightly overweight does not typically have the same impact. Asthma, HIV, and poor dentition can all have significant effects on immune function and would likely be of concern to medical staff.

As people age, their immune system tends to weaken, making them more susceptible to infections like pneumonia. Zinc plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy immune system and is known to enhance the function of various immune cells. It helps in the production of new immune cells, promotes their activity, and supports the body's defense against pathogens. Therefore, a deficiency in zinc can further compromise the immune system of older individuals, making them more prone to infections, including pneumonia.

Excessive intake of leucine and iron can impair immune response. Leucine is an essential amino acid that plays a role in protein synthesis, but excessive levels can lead to an overactivation of the mTOR pathway, which can suppress immune function. Iron is a mineral that is necessary for immune cell function, but excessive iron levels can promote oxidative stress and inflammation, negatively affecting the immune system. Therefore, excessive intake of leucine and iron can impair the body's ability to mount an effective immune response.

This answer suggests that immuno-deficiency in the aged can be reversed through nutritional means when there is a nutritional impairment. This implies that if there is a deficiency in essential nutrients, providing the body with adequate nutrition can help improve the immune system. The other factors mentioned in the question, such as energy intake, humoral immunity, and protein intake, may also play a role in overall immune function, but the key factor for reversal of immuno-deficiency is the presence of a nutritional impairment.

Copper is the correct answer because cocoa, mainly consumed as chocolate, is a significant source of copper in the daily diet of individuals in developed countries. Copper is an essential trace mineral that plays a vital role in various physiological processes, including the production of red blood cells, maintenance of connective tissues, and functioning of the immune system. Since cocoa is a popular ingredient in many chocolate products, it contributes significantly to the daily intake of copper in these countries.

Meat, wheat, and soybeans are not implicated in directly improving or maximizing immune function because they do not contain specific nutrients or compounds known to enhance immune function. While they may provide some essential nutrients, they do not have a direct impact on immune function. On the other hand, rye and spelt based breads, sunflower and canola oils, cauliflower, mushrooms, spinach, nuts, and raisins are all foods that have been shown to have immune-boosting properties due to their nutrient content, such as vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytochemicals.