Food And Nutrition 3rd Edition - Chapter 29 Testbank

Low calcium intake coupled with high consumption of soft drinks may reduce skeletal accumulation of calcium. Soft drinks, especially those that are carbonated and contain phosphoric acid, can interfere with the absorption of calcium in the body. This can lead to a decrease in calcium levels in the bones, which can contribute to reduced skeletal accumulation of calcium.

The recent dramatic increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis in several Asian countries is most likely due to all of the above factors. The increasing ageing population contributes to a higher number of people at risk for osteoporosis. A traditional diet low in calcium can lead to a deficiency in this essential nutrient, which is important for bone health. Decreased weight bearing activity due to urbanization means less physical stress on the bones, leading to bone loss. Increased consumption of meat and soft drinks can negatively affect bone health due to their high levels of phosphorus and caffeine, which can interfere with calcium absorption.

Around the ages of 35-40 years, both males and females start experiencing a slow loss of bone mass. This is due to a natural process called bone remodeling, where old bone is broken down and replaced with new bone. As individuals age, the rate of bone loss exceeds the rate of bone formation, leading to a gradual decrease in bone density. This loss of bone mass can eventually lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, which increases the risk of fractures and other bone-related problems.

Adequate intakes of calcium and vitamin D and physical activity across the life cycle can help prevent osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D are essential for bone health and can help maintain bone mass density. Physical activity, especially weight-bearing and resistance exercises, can also help strengthen bones and reduce the risk of osteoporosis. By ensuring sufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D and engaging in regular physical activity throughout life, individuals can reduce their chances of developing osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a significant public health issue because it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. This means that it greatly affects the health and well-being of older individuals, leading to increased illness and death rates. Additionally, there is a projected increase in associated fractures expected to occur worldwide in the coming years. This means that the number of fractures related to osteoporosis is expected to rise, further highlighting the importance of addressing this issue.

Public health campaigns that aim to increase peak bone mass are more likely to be effective if they target teenage girls. This is because adolescence is a critical period for bone development, and the majority of peak bone mass is achieved during this time. By targeting teenage girls, these campaigns can promote healthy lifestyle habits such as a calcium-rich diet and regular exercise, which are essential for optimizing bone health. Additionally, targeting teenage girls can have long-term benefits as they transition into adulthood and face the risk of osteoporosis later in life.

Cream is not a good source of calcium because it is a high-fat dairy product that has been processed and stripped of most of its calcium content. While cream may contain small amounts of calcium, it is not a significant source compared to other options listed. Cheddar cheese, kale, sardines, and yogurt are all better sources of calcium as they have higher calcium content and are more readily absorbed by the body.

Being underweight for her height increases Mrs. Jones' risk of osteoporosis because low body weight can lead to lower bone density and increased bone loss. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, and individuals who are underweight often have less bone mass, making them more susceptible to fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, being underweight is a risk factor for osteoporosis in Mrs. Jones' case.

Bone and dental health are least likely to be affected by inadequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin K. These nutrients play crucial roles in maintaining healthy bones and teeth. Calcium is essential for the formation and strength of bones and teeth, while vitamin D helps with calcium absorption. Vitamin K is involved in bone metabolism and helps in the production of proteins necessary for bone health. On the other hand, inadequate intake of vitamin C can lead to weakened connective tissues, including the collagen in bones and teeth, affecting their health.

Oestrogen counters the resorption action of parathyroid hormone. Oestrogen is known to have a protective effect on bone density by inhibiting bone resorption. Parathyroid hormone, on the other hand, stimulates bone resorption by activating osteoclasts. Therefore, oestrogen acts as a counterbalance to the resorption action of parathyroid hormone, helping to maintain bone density and prevent excessive bone loss.

Processed meats are not a source of nutrients that positively affect bone mass density. In fact, they may have negative effects on bone health due to their high levels of sodium and preservatives. Foods like bananas and spinach, on the other hand, are rich in nutrients like potassium, vitamin K, and calcium, which are beneficial for bone health. Coffee, when consumed in moderation, has also been associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis. Therefore, the consumption of processed meats does not contribute to an increase in bone mass density.

Bananas are a good source of potassium, which is known to help maintain strong bones. Potassium helps in neutralizing acids in the body, which can lead to the loss of calcium from bones. Therefore, consuming bananas can contribute positively to bone mass density.