Pharmacology of Contraceptives: Final Exam Review

An ideal contraceptive should possess all the qualities mentioned in the correct answer to ensure maximum effectiveness and user acceptance.

Estrogen Progestin Preps have a fixed dose of hormone, taken from day 5 to 25 of the cycle, sometimes taken continually. They inhibit the release of GN/RH from the hypothalamus, causing no ovulation. Progestin alters the secretion of endocervical glands to thicken mucus and create an inappropriate endometrium.

The correct regimen for Estrogen-Varying Progestin involves starting with a low dose of progestin and gradually increasing it throughout the cycle, while maintaining a phasic estrogen-progestin mechanism. This approach helps mimic the natural hormonal fluctuations in the body.

The correct answer explains that low dose progestin taken daily suppresses GnRH, prevents ovulation, and alters the endometrium and secretion of endocervical glands. The incorrect answers provide incorrect information about progestin intake frequency, effects on ovulation, and mechanism of action.

The correct answer describes the contraceptive patch, which is a transdermal system that releases hormones through the skin. The incorrect answers refer to different forms of contraceptives such as pills, injections, and implants, each with their own methods of administration and hormone release mechanisms.

Norplant is a contraceptive method that involves the slow release of progestin from a silastic tube. Some common side effects associated with Norplant include acne, weight gain, anxiety, breakthrough bleeding, headache, and breast discharge.

Low Dose Progestin can lead to breakthrough bleeding, a 2% failure rate in contraception, and an increase in low density lipoproteins. Weight loss, hair growth, and a decrease in cholesterol levels are not typically associated with Low Dose Progestin.

The correct mild adverse effects of Progestin-Estrogen include -acne, weight gain, increased skin pigmentation, headache, nausea, decreased libido, decreased menstrual flow, hirsutism, increased susceptibility to uterine and vaginal infections, absence of menstrual period, and increased glucose tolerance.

Progestin-Estrogen can have serious adverse effects such as thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarct, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the known adverse effects of this medication.

Mifepristone, also known as RU-486, works by blocking the progesterone receptor in the endometrium, preventing the hormone from functioning properly. Without adequate progesterone, the endometrium is not able to support a developing pregnancy, leading to its breakdown and subsequent induction of abortion.

Post-coital contraceptives involve taking a large dose of estrogen or progestin after sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. This emergency contraceptive should be taken no later than 72 hours after intercourse and works by damaging the implantation site. Common options include preven (progestin/estrogen) and Plan B (progestin).

IUDs can cause various issues such as heavy menstrual flow, discomfort, spontaneous expulsion, and uterine infections due to their presence in the uterus.

A diaphragm is a barrier contraceptive device that is placed over the cervix before sexual intercourse. It should be left in place for 6 to 8 hours after sex to ensure efficacy. However, it is known to have a high pregnancy rate if not used correctly, therefore, it is recommended to use with spermicide to improve its effectiveness.

Spermicides are substances used in combination with condoms and diaphragms to kill sperm in the vaginal canal. They work by disrupting the membranes of sperm cells, preventing them from fertilizing an egg.

Condoms are primarily used as a form of protection against sexually transmitted diseases and as a barrier method of contraception. While they can reduce the risk of STD transmission and unwanted pregnancies, their main purpose is to provide a physical barrier during sexual activity.

The rhythm method involves abstaining from intercourse before and after ovulation to avoid pregnancy. It is based on tracking the menstrual cycle to determine fertile days.

Tubal Litigation involves the permanent severing of the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy.

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization in which the sperm ducts are severed.

Over the counter drugs are medications that do not require a prescription and can be purchased directly from pharmacies or stores without the need for a healthcare provider's authorization. They are typically lower in dosage and meant for self-administration for minor ailments.

Gossypol inhibits spermogenesis, derived from cottonseeds, reduces sperm count but not for long, and is no longer a contender in Canada.

Androgens, such as testosterone, have the function of reducing the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH), which in turn leads to a decrease in spermatogenesis. This negative feedback mechanism helps regulate the levels of sex hormones in the body.

Estrogens play a role in the suppression of GNRH and testosterone to maintain secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Progestin and androgen play crucial roles in regulating hormonal balance and secondary sex characteristics. Progestin inhibits the production of GNRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone) while testosterone maintains the development of secondary sex characteristics such as facial hair, muscle mass, and deepening of the voice.

The combination of GNRH Agonists and Androgens shows promise as a potential male contraceptive method by affecting hormone levels and sperm production.

The government's role in regulating OTCDs primarily focuses on ensuring safety, efficacy, and accurate advertising to protect consumers.

The correct answer emphasizes that OTCD should only be used for mild illness and symptoms should be monitored. If symptoms worsen, it is important to see a physician. OTCD should not be used for severe illnesses and adverse effects should be monitored and stopped if necessary.

Health Professional OTCDs focus on educating patients about their medications and monitoring for potential adverse effects, such as drug interactions and toxicities. They do not provide financial advice, perform surgery, or design exercise programs.

Acetaminophen is primarily used as an analgesic for pain relief and as an antipyretic for reducing fever. It is not an antibiotic, medication for high blood pressure, or a steroid for allergies.