Cultures Of A Bacterial Species Quiz Questions

The correct answer is trophozoite because the trophozoite is the active, feeding stage of protozoa. It is the stage where the protozoa is able to move and obtain nutrients from its environment. The other options, such as cyst, sporozoite, and oocyst, refer to different stages in the life cycle of protozoa but do not specifically represent the feeding stage. The term "food vacuole" refers to a structure within the protozoa's cell where food is digested, but it does not represent the entire feeding stage.

Latent viruses cause infection in a way that involves alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms. During the inactive phase, the virus remains dormant in the host's cells, not causing any noticeable symptoms. However, it can reactivate and become active again, leading to the recurrence of symptoms. This pattern of activity and inactivity is characteristic of latent viruses, distinguishing them from other types of viruses such as oncogenic viruses, prions, viroids, and delta agents.

Virus capsids are the protein coats that enclose the genetic material of a virus. These capsids are made up of subunits called capsomers. Capsomers are the building blocks of the capsid structure and are responsible for the overall shape and stability of the virus. They come together to form the outer shell of the virus, protecting its genetic material and allowing it to infect host cells. Envelopes, spikes, prophages, and peplomers are not subunits of virus capsids and do not play a role in their formation.

The core of every virus particle can contain either DNA or RNA, or sometimes both. This is because viruses can have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. Some viruses have DNA as their genetic material, while others have RNA. Additionally, there are some viruses that have both DNA and RNA in their core. The presence of either DNA or RNA in the virus particle's core is essential for the virus to replicate and infect host cells.

Dimorphic fungi are those that can grow as yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold at another temperature. This means that these fungi have the ability to switch between two different forms depending on the environmental conditions. They can exist as single-celled yeasts at higher temperatures and as multicellular molds at lower temperatures. This adaptability allows them to survive and thrive in different environments.

Viroids are infectious naked strands of RNA that lack a protein coat. They are smaller than viruses and can cause plant diseases. Unlike viruses, they do not encode any proteins and solely rely on the host cell machinery for replication. Viroids are unique in their ability to self-replicate, causing disruptions in the normal functioning of the host plant. They are not classified as viruses because they do not possess a protein coat, which is a defining characteristic of viruses. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is viroids.

The term "capsid" refers to the protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus. It is responsible for protecting the genetic material and maintaining the shape of the virus. The shape of a virus can be described as helical or icosahedral, depending on the arrangement of the capsid proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is "capsid" because it is the term used to describe the shape of a virus.

The explanation for the correct answer, facultative anaerobe, is that this type of bacteria is capable of growing both in the presence and absence of oxygen. In this scenario, there was moderate growth of cultures in the anaerobic jar, indicating that the bacteria can survive and grow in the absence of oxygen. However, there was heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf, suggesting that the bacteria also thrived in the presence of oxygen. This ability to adapt and grow in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is characteristic of facultative anaerobes.

Zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores are all types of sexual spores. This means that they are involved in the sexual reproduction of certain organisms. While they may have different structures and functions, they all serve the purpose of sexual reproduction.

All of the options mentioned in the question are types of cytopathic effects. Inclusions in the nucleus refer to the presence of abnormal structures within the nucleus of a cell. Multinucleated giant cells are formed when multiple cells fuse together, resulting in a larger cell with multiple nuclei. Inclusions in the cytoplasm indicate the presence of abnormal structures within the cytoplasm of a cell. Lastly, cells rounding up is another type of cytopathic effect where cells lose their normal shape and become rounded. Therefore, all of the options mentioned in the question are types of cytopathic effects.

Prions are infectious protein particles that lack genetic material. They are responsible for causing various neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease. Unlike viruses, bacteria, or other infectious agents, prions do not contain DNA or RNA. Instead, they consist solely of misfolded proteins that can induce other normal proteins to adopt the abnormal conformation, leading to the accumulation of protein aggregates in the brain. This ultimately results in the destruction of brain tissue and the onset of neurological symptoms.

Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid, without an envelope or any additional structures, are referred to as naked viruses. These viruses lack a lipid envelope and therefore have a more simplistic structure compared to complex viruses that possess additional components such as an envelope or other proteins. Viroids are small infectious RNA molecules that do not possess a protein coat, while incomplete viruses are viruses that are unable to complete their life cycle without the assistance of a helper virus.

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 - 60 degrees Celsius would be called a thermophile. Thermophiles are organisms that thrive in high-temperature environments. They have adapted to withstand and even require high temperatures for their growth and survival.

A phototroph is an organism that obtains energy from sunlight. This means that it is capable of converting sunlight into usable energy through the process of photosynthesis. Unlike other organisms that rely on chemical compounds or organic compounds for energy, a phototroph can directly harness the energy from sunlight to fuel its metabolic processes.

Microorganisms require macronutrients in large quantities for use in cell structure and metabolism. Macronutrients are essential nutrients that provide energy and serve as building blocks for the growth and development of microorganisms. These nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are broken down and utilized by microorganisms to produce energy and synthesize cellular components. Without an adequate supply of macronutrients, microorganisms would be unable to carry out essential cellular processes and sustain their growth and survival.

The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is 80S. In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are composed of a small subunit (40S) and a large subunit (60S), which together form the 80S ribosome. This is different from prokaryotic cells, which have smaller ribosomes consisting of a 30S and a 50S subunit. The 80S ribosomes in eukaryotes are responsible for protein synthesis within the cell.

Visible-clear, well defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called "plaques". Plaques are areas where the virus has caused cell death and the cells can no longer replicate. These patches can be observed under a microscope and are used to measure the concentration of virus particles in a culture.

Endocytosis is the process by which a cell uses energy to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it. This process is different from diffusion and osmosis, which do not require energy. Facilitated diffusion involves the use of transport proteins to move molecules across the membrane, but it does not involve the formation of a vacuole. Active transport also requires energy, but it typically involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, whereas endocytosis involves the engulfment of substances.

The term "psychrophile" can be used for this species because it is able to grow and thrive in cold temperatures, such as those found in a refrigerator. The lack of growth at higher temperatures (37 degrees and 50 degrees) suggests that the species is not adapted to warmer environments, making it a psychrophile.

A microaerophile is a type of microorganism that requires a small amount of oxygen to grow, but it cannot survive or grow at normal atmospheric levels of oxygen. This means that it needs a lower concentration of oxygen than what is typically found in the air.

The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group occurs in the Krebs cycle. This cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria of cells. It is an essential part of cellular respiration and is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP. The Krebs cycle is also involved in the production of other molecules, such as NADH and FADH2, which are used in the electron transport system to produce more ATP.

Pseudohyphae are chains of yeast cells that remain attached to each other. This is in contrast to true hyphae, which are the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of molds. Septa are the cross-walls that divide the hyphae of some fungi. Dimorphic refers to fungi that can exist in two different forms (usually yeast and mold). Therefore, the correct answer is pseudohyphae.

Saprobes are organisms that obtain nutrients by feeding on dead organisms. They play an important role in the decomposition process, breaking down organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. Unlike parasites, which rely on living hosts for their nutrition, saprobes feed on dead and decaying matter. Autotrophs, lithoautotrophs, and phototrophs are all types of organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they do not rely on dead organisms for nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is saprobes.

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with oxygen. Catalase and superoxide dismutase are enzymes that help in the breakdown of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during normal cellular metabolism. Oxygen is a highly reactive molecule and can generate ROS, which can be toxic to cells. Without catalase or superoxide dismutase, the microorganism would not be able to effectively neutralize the ROS, leading to oxidative damage and ultimately cell death.

Protozoa are single-celled organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. They are characterized by their ability to move, which is known as motility. Protozoa also exhibit heterotrophic nutrition, meaning they obtain their nutrients from other organisms. Another common feature of protozoa is the formation of a cyst stage, which allows them to survive unfavorable conditions. However, protozoa do not have a cell wall, which is a distinguishing feature of many other microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Therefore, the correct answer is "cell wall."

The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is absorption, penetration, replication, maturation, assembly, and release. This sequence starts with the virus attaching itself to the host cell, followed by the entry of the virus into the host cell. Once inside, the virus replicates its genetic material and produces new viral components. These components then mature and assemble to form new viruses. Finally, the newly formed viruses are released from the host cell to infect other cells.

The E. coli that normally line in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a mutualistic relationship. This is because both the E. coli and the human body benefit from this relationship. The E. coli bacteria receive a suitable environment and nutrients to thrive, while the human body benefits from the production of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting and bone health.

Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell. It encompasses both catabolism, which involves the breakdown of molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which involves the synthesis of molecules using energy. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, while phosphorylation refers to the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule. Cellular respiration is a specific metabolic process that involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy. Therefore, the correct answer is metabolism, as it encompasses all of these processes.

Induced enzymes are produced only when their specific substrate is present. These enzymes are not constantly present in the cell, but their production is triggered by the presence of the substrate. This allows the cell to regulate enzyme activity based on the availability of the substrate, ensuring that resources are not wasted on producing enzymes that are not needed.

Eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella because they contain microtubules. This is in contrast to prokaryotic flagella, which do not have microtubules. The presence of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella provides structural support and allows for movement. Microtubules are made up of protein subunits called tubulin, which form a cylindrical structure. These microtubules help in the coordinated beating motion of eukaryotic flagella, enabling cell motility. Therefore, the presence of microtubules is a distinguishing characteristic of eukaryotic flagella.

A growth factor is an organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided externally. It is essential for the growth and development of the organism. Unlike elements, macronutrients, water, and trace elements, which can often be obtained from the environment or synthesized by the organism, a growth factor is a specific organic compound that the organism is unable to produce on its own. Therefore, the correct answer is growth factor.

The statement "in kingdom Protista" does not pertain to helminths because helminths are not classified in the kingdom Protista. Helminths are actually classified in the kingdom Animalia.

Viruses are acellular particles that lack cellular organelles like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. They also do not possess a cytoskeleton or pigments. Therefore, none of the options listed are present in viruses.

Tail fibers are structures used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and they use tail fibers to recognize and bind to specific receptors on the surface of the host cell. This attachment is crucial for the phage to inject its nucleic acid (genetic material) into the host cell and initiate the infection process. The tail fibers play a key role in the initial recognition and attachment step, allowing the phage to specifically target and infect its host.

As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions into the outer membrane compartment setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force. This process is known as chemiosmosis and is essential for the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation. The movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Therefore, hydrogen ions play a crucial role in the generation of ATP during cellular respiration.

Sporangiospores are the correct answer because they are produced within a sac-like structure called a sporangium. The sporangium is a specialized structure found in certain fungi and plants that contains the spores. This sac protects the spores and helps with their dispersal. Chlamydospores, blastospores, arthrospores, and zygospores are all types of spores, but they are not produced within a sac.

Herpesvirdae is the correct answer as it represents a virus family name. The other options listed are specific virus names within different families. Herpes simplex virus is a member of the Herpesviridae family, Picornavirus belongs to the Picornaviridae family, Enterovirus is a genus within the Picornaviridae family, and Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family.

During bacterial fermentation, glucose is broken down by glycolysis, which is the initial step in the process of cellular respiration. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. This process generates a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. Although additional ATP molecules are produced in subsequent steps of cellular respiration, glycolysis itself only produces 2 ATP molecules.

In anaerobic respiration, oxygen cannot serve as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen, and different molecules are used as the final electron acceptor instead. Nitrate, sulfate, and nitrite can all serve as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration, but oxygen cannot. Oxygen is only used as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen.

Virus envelopes are not located between the capsid and the nucleic acid. The envelope is a layer that surrounds the capsid of some viruses, and it is derived from the host cell membrane or nuclear envelope. It contains special virus proteins that help the virus particle attach to host cells.

Each NADH that enters the electron transport system gives rise to 3 ATP. This is because during oxidative phosphorylation, NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain, which creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. Each NADH molecule is able to donate enough electrons to create a proton gradient that leads to the production of 3 ATP molecules.

Most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's nucleus, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's cytoplasm.

Each FADH2 molecule that enters the electron transport system generates 2 ATP molecules. This is because FADH2 donates its electrons to Complex II of the electron transport chain, bypassing Complex I. As a result, fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a lower ATP yield compared to NADH.

Classification of viruses into families involves determining various characteristics such as the type of nucleic acid, the type of capsid, the presence of an envelope, and the number of nucleic acid strands. Biochemical reactions, however, are not considered as a determining factor for classifying viruses into families.

Prophages are viral DNA that have integrated into the bacterial chromosome and are present when the virus is in lysogeny. They replicate along with the host DNA and are passed on to progeny during cell division. However, unlike lytic phages, prophages do not cause immediate lysis of host cells. Instead, they remain dormant and can be activated to enter the lytic cycle under certain conditions. Therefore, the statement that prophages cause lysis of host cells is incorrect.

Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts. Catalysts are substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Enzymes achieve this by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Therefore, enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes by facilitating chemical reactions and increasing the efficiency of cellular metabolism.

In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ADP. This is because ADP (adenosine diphosphate) can be converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the addition of a phosphate group. ATP is the main energy currency of the cell and is used in various cellular processes, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of macromolecules. Therefore, the energy released by electrons is harnessed to regenerate ATP from ADP, ensuring a constant supply of energy for cellular activities.

Mitochondria contain cristae, which are folded inner membranes where enzymes and electron carriers necessary for aerobic respiration are found. Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy in the form of ATP. The presence of these enzymes and electron carriers in the cristae allows for efficient ATP production, making mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell.

In order to reproduce sexually, diploid cells must produce haploid gametes through meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the cell by half, resulting in the formation of haploid gametes. Haploid gametes are necessary for sexual reproduction as they combine with another haploid gamete during fertilization to restore the diploid number of chromosomes in the offspring.

A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called cofactors. Cofactors are non-protein molecules that are necessary for the enzyme to function properly. They can be inorganic ions or organic molecules, and they help in the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Therefore, the correct answer is cofactor.