Biology Final Exam Chapter 5 Practice Quiz

Active transport is the correct answer because it is a type of cellular transport that requires energy expenditure. Unlike passive transport processes such as facilitated diffusion and osmosis, active transport moves molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This movement requires the use of energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to pump the molecules or ions across the cell membrane. Therefore, active transport is an energy-consuming process.

The movement of smoke through the air of the restaurant is an example of diffusion. Diffusion is the process by which particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In this case, the smoke particles spread out from the person smoking to other areas of the restaurant where the concentration of smoke particles is lower.

When a red blood cell is immersed in a hypertonic sucrose solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell. This creates a concentration gradient, causing water to move out of the cell through osmosis. Since sucrose cannot pass through the cell's plasma membrane, the water loss causes the cell to shrink the most. In contrast, a hypotonic sucrose solution would have a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, causing water to move into the cell and potentially cause it to swell or burst. The presence of urea does not affect the movement of water as it can pass through the cell membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is a hypertonic sucrose solution.

A signal transduction pathway is a process that connects the reception of cell signals to the corresponding responses within the cell. It involves a series of molecular events and interactions that relay the signal from the cell surface to the nucleus, where it can trigger specific cellular responses. This pathway allows cells to communicate and respond to various external stimuli, such as hormones, growth factors, or environmental cues, by activating or inhibiting specific genes or proteins. Ultimately, the signal transduction pathway ensures that cells can appropriately respond to their surroundings and maintain homeostasis.

Heat is the capacity to perform work, as it can be converted into other forms of energy and used to do mechanical work. On the other hand, entropy is a measure of randomness or disorder in a system. It quantifies the number of possible arrangements or states that a system can have. So, heat is related to the ability to do work, while entropy is related to the level of randomness or disorder in a system.