A&p Midterm - Chapter 3 Review

Osmosis is the process of water molecules moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. In the presence of at least one impermeant solute, water will diffuse across the membrane to equalize the solute concentration on both sides. This is because water molecules are small enough to pass through the membrane, while the solute molecules cannot. Therefore, the correct answer is osmosis.

A group of similar cells that perform a common function is referred to as tissue. Tissues are specialized groups of cells that work together to carry out specific functions in the body. They can be found in various organs and structures throughout the body, such as muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue. Each type of tissue has its own unique structure and function, allowing them to contribute to the overall functioning of the body.

Connective tissue is the most abundant and widespread tissue in the body. It is found throughout the body and serves multiple functions, including providing support and structure to other tissues and organs, connecting and binding them together. Connective tissue is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix that contains various fibers, such as collagen and elastin. It also contains a gel-like substance called ground substance. Connective tissue can be found in various forms, including loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Adipose tissue is the correct answer because it is a type of connective tissue that functions to store energy in the form of fat and to insulate the body by conserving heat. It is made up of adipocytes, which are specialized cells that store fat. Adipose tissue is found throughout the body, especially in areas such as the abdomen, thighs, and buttocks. Its primary role is to provide cushioning, insulation, and energy storage, helping to regulate body temperature and protect internal organs.

Interstitial fluid is not a main cellular structure. It is the fluid that surrounds and fills the spaces between cells in the body. The main cellular structures listed in the options are plasma membrane, cytoplasm (including organelles), and nucleus. These structures are essential for the functioning of a cell, while interstitial fluid is not a component of the cell itself but rather exists outside the cell.

Epithelial tissue lines the body cavities and protects body surfaces. This type of tissue is composed of closely packed cells that form a continuous layer, providing a barrier against injury, pathogens, and other harmful substances. Epithelial tissue can be found in various organs and structures throughout the body, such as the skin, respiratory tract, digestive system, and urinary system. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of these body cavities and surfaces.

The correct answer is hypotonic solution. When a person is dehydrated, their body lacks fluids and electrolytes. A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the body's cells. By providing a hypotonic solution, it helps replenish the body's fluid levels by allowing water to move into the cells, rehydrating the person. A hypotonic solution is preferred over a hypertonic or isotonic solution in cases of dehydration.

Lysosomes are cellular structures that have the ability to secrete digestive enzymes. They are responsible for breaking down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances in the cell. Lysosomes contain various hydrolytic enzymes that can break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. These enzymes are released into the cell's cytoplasm to break down and recycle cellular components. Thus, lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and the overall functioning of the cell.

Nervous tissue does not repair itself, but is replaced with scar tissue. This is because the cells in the nervous tissue, including neurons and glial cells, have limited regenerative capacity. Unlike other tissues in the body, nervous tissue does not undergo cell division to replace damaged or lost cells. Instead, when nervous tissue is injured, scar tissue forms in the damaged area, which helps to provide structural support but does not fully restore the function of the original tissue. This lack of regenerative ability is one of the reasons why injuries to the nervous system can have long-lasting effects.

Epithelial cells can be classified into different shapes, including cuboidal, squamous, and columnar. However, rectangular is not a characteristic shape of epithelium.

The plasma membrane is responsible for several functions in a cell, including acting as a boundary that separates the cell from its surroundings, allowing the cell to self-identify and communicate with other cells through receptor sites. However, the plasma membrane is not involved in the generation of energy or acting as "power plants" of the cell. This function is carried out by the mitochondria, which are organelles within the cell.

Most intravenous fluids ordered by physicians are isotonic solutions. Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solutes as the body's cells and blood, making them compatible with the body's fluid balance. These solutions help maintain proper hydration, electrolyte balance, and prevent cell shrinkage or swelling. They are commonly used to replace fluids and restore electrolyte levels in patients who are dehydrated, experiencing blood loss, or undergoing surgery. Therefore, the correct answer is isotonic solutions.

Glands are not an example of connective tissue because they are a type of epithelial tissue. Connective tissue is characterized by its ability to connect, support, and protect different structures in the body, while glands are responsible for secreting substances such as hormones, enzymes, or sweat. Connective tissue examples include blood, fat, and bone, as they all serve various functions in connecting and supporting different parts of the body.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, which is the process of creating new proteins in the body. They do this by reading the genetic information stored in the DNA and using it to assemble amino acids into a specific sequence, forming a protein molecule. Ribosomes are found in all living cells and are essential for the production of proteins, which are involved in various cellular functions and processes. Therefore, protein synthesis is a functional characteristic of ribosomes.

Pinocytosis is a form of active transport, not passive transport. Passive transport processes include dialysis, osmosis, and filtration, where substances move across a membrane without the need for energy expenditure. In pinocytosis, the cell engulfs extracellular fluid and brings it into the cell through the formation of vesicles, which requires energy and is thus considered an active transport process.

The correct answer is simple transitional. Simple transitional epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that is found in the lining of the urinary bladder and ureters. It is characterized by multiple layers of cells that can change shape and stretch to accommodate changes in organ volume. The other options, stratified squamous, stratified columnar, and pseudostratified columnar, are all examples of structural types of epithelium that can be found in various parts of the body.

Transitional tissue is a type of epithelial tissue, not connective tissue. Connective tissue is characterized by its ability to connect and support other tissues and organs in the body. It includes tissues such as bone, blood, and reticular tissue. Transitional tissue, on the other hand, is found in organs that need to stretch and expand, such as the bladder. It allows for changes in shape and volume. Therefore, transitional tissue does not fall under the category of connective tissue.

Cartilage is not one of the four principal types of tissues. The four principal types of tissues are nervous tissue, blood tissue, muscle tissue, and epithelial tissue. Cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue that provides support and flexibility to various parts of the body, such as the joints and the nose. While it is a type of connective tissue, it is not considered one of the principal types of tissues.

When red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic salt solution, they undergo crenation. This means that the cells shrink and develop abnormal notches or indentations on their surface. The hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the red blood cells, causing water to move out of the cells through osmosis. As a result, the cells lose water and shrink, leading to the characteristic crenated appearance.