EOC Practice Test #2

Chromosomes are pulled to the equator (middle) of the cell during metaphase. Metaphase = Middle

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It works by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy, allowing the reaction to occur more quickly. In other words, a catalyst speeds up the reaction by lowering the energy barrier that needs to be overcome for the reaction to take place. This enables the reaction to happen more easily and efficiently.

An inference is a conclusion or deduction made based on observations or evidence. In this case, the statement "The object has never been used in a soccer game" is an inference because it goes beyond the direct observation of the soccer ball. The other statements, such as "The object is black and white," "The object has a circumference of 71 cm," and "The object weighs 454 grams," are all direct observations that can be made about the soccer ball without any assumptions or conclusions.

Birds flying south for the winter is a behavior that demonstrates how living things respond to their environment. It is a natural instinct for birds to migrate to warmer climates in order to find food and avoid harsh winter conditions. This behavior is not determined by their genetic code or the fact that they are made up of cells. While maintaining internal balance is important for living things, it does not directly explain why birds fly south for the winter.

A pigment is a substance that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects others, giving it a specific color. This absorption of light is what allows pigments to create color in various materials, such as paints, inks, and dyes. Therefore, it is correct to say that a pigment is a light-absorbing molecule.

Prophase (chromosomes condense & nuclear membrane disappears)
Metaphase (chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE)
Anaphase (chromosomes are pulled APART)
Telophase (2 nuclear membranes form & cytokinesis occurs

I = Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Play = Prophase
My = Metaphase
Accordion = Anaphase
To = Telophase
Cats = Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is uneven in oogenesis (production of eggs) which produces only one good egg and 3 unusable cells called polar bodies.

Homeostasis is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological mechanisms that regulate body temperature, pH levels, and other vital parameters within a narrow range. Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life, but it does not specifically refer to the regulation of internal conditions. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy, and evolution is the gradual change in species over time.

Spontaneous generation refers to the belief that living organisms can arise spontaneously from non-living matter. This idea was widely accepted before the discovery of microorganisms and the development of the theory of biogenesis, which states that living organisms can only arise from pre-existing living organisms. The concept of spontaneous generation was eventually disproven through experiments by Louis Pasteur, leading to the acceptance of biogenesis and the understanding that life only comes from life.

The ability to move is not a characteristic of all living things. While many living organisms are capable of movement, such as animals and some plants, there are also many living things that are immobile, such as plants rooted in the ground or microorganisms that cannot move on their own. Therefore, the ability to move cannot be considered a universal characteristic of all living things.

The correct answer indicates that spontaneous generation did not occur because the broth in Flask A became cloudy, which suggests the growth of microorganisms, while the broth in Flask B remained clear, indicating the absence of any growth. This contradicts the idea of spontaneous generation, which suggests that living organisms can arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

The goal of basic scientific research in biology is to develop a more complete understanding of the interactions within and surrounding living organisms. This involves studying various aspects of biology, such as the structure and function of cells, the mechanisms of genetic inheritance, and the behavior of organisms in their natural environment. By gaining a deeper understanding of these interactions, scientists can uncover new knowledge about the complexity of life and potentially make advancements in fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation.

Placing another piece of bread in a closed Petri dish on the countertop would be the best comparison for this experiment. This is because the student's main objective is to determine whether temperature affects the rate at which mold grows on bread. By placing another piece of bread in a closed Petri dish on the countertop, the student can keep all variables constant except for the temperature. This allows for a direct comparison between the bread in the refrigerator and the bread on the countertop, helping to determine the effect of temperature on mold growth.

Based on the information given, Michael performed an experiment where he fed different diets to three groups of guinea pigs. After conducting the experiment, he was able to observe and analyze the results, which led him to draw conclusions. This suggests that Michael formulated a hypothesis, performed the experiment, and then drew conclusions based on the data collected. Therefore, the correct answer is "Draw conclusions."

Activation energy is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started. It is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. This energy is needed to break the existing bonds in the reactant molecules and initiate the formation of new bonds in the product molecules. Activation energy determines the rate at which a reaction proceeds, with higher activation energy resulting in slower reactions and lower activation energy resulting in faster reactions.

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle consisting of G1 (growth), S (DNA replication) and G2 (preparation for mitosis).

DNA replication occurs during the S phase of Interphase. M phase is cell division.

The independent variable in this experiment is the type of cough syrup. This is because the researcher is testing the effectiveness of different cough syrups, and the type of cough syrup is the variable that is being manipulated and controlled by the researcher. The other options listed (number of people taking each cough syrup, number of days people take each cough syrup, flavor of the cough syrup) are not being directly manipulated or controlled in this experiment.

In Pasteur's experiment, air could enter the flasks but no microorganisms could enter. This is different from Spallanzani's experiment where neither air nor microorganisms could enter the flasks. The presence of air in Pasteur's experiment allowed him to test the hypothesis that microorganisms in the air were responsible for the contamination of the broth. By using a swan-necked flask that trapped any microorganisms in the air before they could reach the broth, Pasteur was able to demonstrate that the growth of microorganisms in the broth was due to contamination from external sources, rather than spontaneous generation.

The dependent variable in this scenario is the growth rate of the plants. This is because Kevin is testing the effect of different light colors on the plants' growth, and the growth rate is the measured outcome that will determine whether the plants grew faster in red light or white light. The other options (color of light used, number of seedlings used, and amount of water given to the plants) are not the variables being tested in this experiment, but rather the independent variables or control variables.

If the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis, it is important for the scientist to reject the hypothesis and assume it is incorrect. This is because scientific procedure requires that hypotheses be tested and either supported or rejected based on empirical evidence. By rejecting the hypothesis, the scientist acknowledges that it is not supported by the data obtained from the experiment. To continue the scientific process, the scientist should create a new hypothesis and design a new experiment to test it, in order to further investigate the phenomenon under study.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to produce glucose and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where chlorophyll captures light energy to drive the chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is carbon dioxide and water.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living cells. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thus increasing the rate or speed of the reaction. Enzymes themselves are not consumed or changed during the reaction, but they facilitate the conversion of reactants into products more efficiently and quickly. Therefore, enzymes primarily affect the speed of the reaction rather than the products, temperature, or pH.

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. This is why plants appear green to our eyes. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Anaphase pulls apart sister chromatids.

The purpose of Meiosis is to reduce the chromosome number by half.

A chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids (B) joined together at the centromere (A).

Francesco Redi helped disprove the idea of spontaneous generation by conducting an experiment with meat and flies. He set up two jars, one with meat exposed to air and another with meat covered. The jar with exposed meat attracted flies which laid eggs, resulting in maggots appearing on the meat. However, the jar with covered meat did not have any maggots. This experiment showed that maggots come from fly eggs, not spontaneously generated from the meat itself.

The rate of photosynthesis is affected by various factors such as temperature, water availability, and carbon dioxide availability. pH, however, is not a factor that directly affects the rate of photosynthesis. pH refers to the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and while it can indirectly affect plant growth and metabolism, it does not have a direct impact on the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.

The best design for Aisha's experiment is to test 40 plants of the sun variety under different wavelengths of light (blue, green, red, and yellow) and 40 plants of the shade variety under the same wavelengths. This design allows for a comprehensive comparison between the two varieties and their preferences for different wavelengths of light. By testing multiple plants under each wavelength, Aisha can gather more data and make more accurate conclusions about the preferences of each variety.

The statement "The amount of light and temperature are examples of factors to which living things respond" is correct because living organisms have the ability to sense and respond to changes in their environment. Light and temperature are two important factors that can greatly influence the behavior, growth, and reproduction of living organisms. They can trigger physiological and behavioral responses in organisms, such as migration, hibernation, or changes in metabolic rate, in order to adapt and survive in different environmental conditions.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Glucose is a vital source of energy for plants, which can be stored or used for growth and other metabolic processes. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis and is essential for the survival of many organisms, including humans, as it is required for respiration. Therefore, the correct answer is "Glucose and Oxygen."

Plant cells have cell walls which prevent the cell membrane from "pinching in" so they build a cell plate to divide the cytoplasm.

Aristotle was the first to propose the theory of spontaneous generation. He believed that living organisms could arise from non-living matter through a process called abiogenesis. According to Aristotle, certain conditions, such as the presence of heat and moisture, could lead to the spontaneous generation of life forms. This theory was widely accepted until the experiments of Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur provided evidence against it.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. They have a specific three-dimensional shape that allows them to bind to their substrates and facilitate the reaction. However, enzymes and substrates do not have the same shape. Enzymes have a specific active site that is complementary in shape to the substrate, allowing for a specific interaction and reaction to occur. Therefore, the statement that all enzymes have the same shape as their substrates is not true.

Nondisjunction occurs when either Homologous Chromosomes fail to separate in Anaphase I or when Sister Chromatids fail to separate in Anaphase II.

The given answer, "Perform an experiment," is the correct answer because Alice soaked the seeds in water, planted them in soil, and provided the same conditions of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed. This indicates that she carried out an experiment to test the effect of soaking the seeds and planting them at a specific depth. The other options mentioned (recognize a problem, form a hypothesis, and draw conclusions) are steps that typically follow after performing an experiment.

To validate the reliability of Dr. Graham's experiment, several scientists should repeat the experiment using his design. This method allows for the replication of the experiment under the same conditions and controls, ensuring that the results are consistent and reliable. By having multiple scientists independently conduct the experiment and achieve similar results, it strengthens the validity of Dr. Graham's findings and reduces the chances of any biases or errors in his original study.

Homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis in order to exchange genes and ensure that each of the 4 gametes produced have 1 copy of each gene. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells so all of the chromosomes line up independently on the spindle.

Crossing over occurs when Homologous Chromosomes pair up during Prophase I and separate during Anaphase I.

Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They do not slow down the rate of chemical reactions. While some catalysts can be enzymes, not all catalysts are enzymes. Catalysts are not used up during a chemical reaction, as they are not consumed in the reaction and can be used repeatedly.

Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells. Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells.

Metaphase I = homologous chromosomes are pulled to the middle of the cell

The control in Redi's experiment was the uncovered jars. This is because the control group is the group that does not receive the experimental treatment or intervention. In this case, the uncovered jars were not covered with cloth, allowing flies to have direct access to the meat. By comparing the presence of maggots only in the uncovered jars, Redi could determine the effect of the flies on the meat.

The correct answer is that boiling the broth did not kill all microorganisms present. This is because the process of boiling is meant to kill any existing microorganisms in the broth, but if some microorganisms were resistant to boiling or in a dormant state, they would not be killed and could later grow and reproduce in the sealed flask, leading to the observation of microorganisms after a few days.

Crossing over occurs between Prophase I and Anaphase I of Meiosis.

In Meiosis, DNA replication only happens once (during interphase).

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are different because they absorb different wavelengths of light. This is due to differences in their chemical structures, which result in variations in their absorption spectra. Chlorophyll a primarily absorbs blue and red light, while chlorophyll b absorbs blue and red-orange light. This allows plants to efficiently capture a broader range of light energy for photosynthesis.

At the end of Telophase I (and through all of Meiosis II), the cells are haploid.