Master Cellular Biology: Cells And Tissues Quiz

FYI: Collagen does not stretch or branch and is usually arranged in bundles. Elastin fibres have branches, can form web-like structures and can stretch and return to original shape.

The correct answer is a list of the four types of tissue in the human body. Muscular tissue is responsible for movement and contraction, nervous tissue transmits electrical signals and coordinates body functions, connective tissue provides support and connects different structures of the body, and epithelial tissue covers and protects body surfaces. These four types of tissue work together to maintain the structure and function of the body.

Atom - Elements are made out of atom structures.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in the cell. They are small structures found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes read the genetic information stored in the DNA and use it to assemble amino acids into proteins. They play a crucial role in translating the genetic code and are essential for the production of proteins, which are vital for the cell's structure and function. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer for this question.

True - it is released by mast cells, which also produces heparin, which is an anti-coagulant.

Lysosomes are small structures that remove unwanted particles through the use of enzymes. The organelles which play a central role in cell division are called Mitochondria; they extract nutrients/oxygen and create Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) for energy

The fibrous membrane that protects the bone surface is known as the periosteum. This membrane covers the outer layer of the bone and contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells that are involved in bone growth and repair. It helps to nourish the bone and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. Therefore, the statement that the periosteum is the fibrous membrane protecting the bone surface is true.

Nervous tissue cells, also known as neurons, are unable to reproduce when damaged. Unlike other cells in the body, neurons do not undergo cell division to replace damaged or lost cells. This is due to their unique structure and function in transmitting electrical signals. Once a neuron is damaged, it cannot be replaced, leading to permanent loss of function in that area. Therefore, the statement "The nervous tissue cells cannot reproduce when damaged" is true.

Cancellous bone, also known as spongy or trabecular bone, is characterized by larger Haversian canals, which are channels that contain blood vessels and nerves. These canals are responsible for the transport of nutrients and waste products within the bone. On the other hand, compact bone, also known as cortical bone, has smaller Haversian canals. Additionally, cancellous bone has fewer lamellae, which are concentric layers of bone matrix, compared to compact bone. This is because cancellous bone has a more porous and less organized structure, providing a larger surface area for metabolic activities. Therefore, the statement that cancellous bone has larger Haversian canals but fewer lamellae than compact bone is true.

True - Stratified is divided into keratinised (dry, horny cells containing keratin, prevert lower tissues from drying out, ex: skin) and non-keratinised (adapted to protect underlying tissue, ex: oesophagus). The other type is Transitional Compound Epithelial, which like the simple, is water-tight but is formed by several layers, ex: urinary tract, vagina).

Chromatids are the correct answer because chromatids are condensed forms of DNA that are connected at the centromere. During cell division, chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes. Chromatin fibres, on the other hand, are the uncondensed form of DNA that exist in the nucleus of a non-dividing cell. Centrosomes and centrioles are structures involved in cell division and play a role in organizing the spindle fibers during mitosis, but they are not directly related to chromatin fibres.

Elastic Cartilage - it is a yellow elastic fibre of solid matrix

During mitosis, centrioles play a crucial role in organizing the spindle fibers that help separate the chromosomes. At the beginning of mitosis, during prophase, the centrioles duplicate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell. This ensures that each daughter cell will have a complete set of centrioles to aid in the formation of the spindle fibers and subsequent chromosome separation. Therefore, the statement "During mitosis, centrioles divide and go to sides of cells at Prophase" is true.

Synovial Membrane - covers ends of bones forming movable joint. Joint is encapsulated by sheath of fibrous tissue which forms the ligament. The inner lining of the synovial capsule, named the synovial membrane, secretes synovial fluid required for joint lubrication.

These four elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, are considered major elements in the body because they make up a significant portion of the body's composition. Carbon is the building block for organic molecules, while hydrogen and oxygen are essential for various biological processes, including energy production and maintaining cellular structure. Nitrogen is a crucial component of proteins and nucleic acids, which are essential for the growth and functioning of cells. Together, these elements play vital roles in the structure, function, and metabolism of the human body.

Pinocytosis is the process by which cells take in fluids and dissolved substances by forming small vesicles. It is a form of endocytosis, where the cell membrane invaginates and engulfs the fluid, bringing it into the cell. This process allows cells to take in nutrients and other molecules from their environment. Phagocytosis, on the other hand, is the process of engulfing solid particles, while osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, and active transport is the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy.

False - all types of connective tissue EXCEPT for cartilage are highly vascular. Cartilage is avascular.

False - they are formed from Compact bone. Compact bone is very strong and cannot bend and forms outer surfaces of certain bones. Cancellous bones are lighter and are always covered by layer of rigid Compact bone.

False - Fibrocartilage is a dense mass of white fibres with solid matrix, strong but slightly flexible.

The 4 molecules forming the DNA - they are linked together to form double helix.

Anaphase - at this stage, centromere divides, identical chromosomes move apart breaking spindle structure

The epiphyseal cartilage is responsible for bone growth in length, and it is composed of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is a smooth and flexible type of cartilage that provides support and cushioning in joints, as well as aiding in the growth and development of bones. It is the most common type of cartilage found in the body and is characterized by its glassy appearance under a microscope.

False - growth and repair of tissue has chemical reactions which cause ABSORPTION rather than GIVING OFF of energy. An example of giving off energy via chemical reaction is the breaking down of food.

25% water, 30% organic material (carbon, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), 45% inorganic salts (phosphorus, calcium, mineral salts)

3 - Mucous, Serous and Synovial

False - Fibroblasts are the cells which generate collagen and not the process itself. The process is called Fibrosis.

Harvesian Systems - they are cylinders of bone having Harvesian canal (circular) through them. Canals run parallel to bone surface, carry blood capillaries and lymph.

False - the most abundant type of tissue is connective tissue

Osteoclasts - Osteoblasts secrete collage to form bones. When Osteoblasts surrounded by calcified matrix, they become Osteocytes.

False - the description is for the Visceral serous membrane. An example of a visceral serous membrane is heart pericardium. The parietal serous membrane is formed from squamous epithelial cells and it forms lining of cavities such as thorax.

4 types - Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage & Bone

Small triangular spaces between Harvesian Systems. The canals through which cells communicate are Canaliculi. The concentric circles are Lamellae and the spaces between Lamellae are called Lacuna.

Interstitual fluid (IF - fluid between cells and tissues outside vascular tissue) and Intravascular fluid (IVF - fluid inside blood vessels)

Dissolution - dissolving of substances which are too big to diffuse

Vacuoles (spaces where waste matter is stored prior to secretion) and Golgi Bodies (structures that secrete waste from cell)

Fibres and Ground substance - matrix is non-cellular and it is part of what makes up connective tissue, together with cells.

The correct answer is Loose, Dense, and Fascia. Connective tissue is categorized into different types based on their structure and function. Loose connective tissue is characterized by loosely arranged fibers and serves as a support for organs and blood vessels. Dense connective tissue has densely packed fibers and provides strength and support to various body parts. Fascia is a type of connective tissue that forms a protective sheath around muscles, bones, and organs. Epithelial and elastic tissues are not types of connective tissue, so they are not included in the answer.

Squamous (single layer pavement like, ex: living of heart, blood vessels, alveoli), Transitional (cuboidal - water-tight, ex: urinary tract, excretory glands.. saliva, breasts), Cilated (like columnar but with cilia, ex: nasal cavities, fallopian tubes, trachea, bronchi), Columnar (cylindrical cells, ex: stomach, alimentary tract, serve to digest foods, release mucus).

Cytoplasm and Protoplasm are inverted. Cytoplasm is body of cell formed from protoplasm. Protoplasm is material of which living cells are made. Nucleoplasm is also incorrect since it is same as cytoplasm but for nucleus.

Mast cells (contain heparin and release histamine), Lymphocytes/Plasma cells (form plasma cells & destroy foreign matter), Eosinophil Leucocytes (white blood cells produced in bone marrow, destroy foreign protein), Macrophages/Monocytes (destroy foreign matter, found a lot in blood system of liver, spleen, lymph nodes) and Blood.