Test Questions About Endocrine System

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Test Questions About Endocrine System - Quiz

Test questions about endocrine system.


Questions and Answers
  • 1. 

    When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called:

    • A.

      Circulating hormone

    • B.

      Down regulation

    • C.

      Up regulation

    • D.

      Receptor recognition

    • E.

      Paracrine

    Correct Answer
    B. Down regulation
    Explanation
    When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This phenomenon is known as down regulation. It occurs as a negative feedback mechanism to prevent excessive stimulation of the target cells. When there is an excess of hormone, the target cells reduce the number of receptors on their surface to decrease their sensitivity to the hormone. This helps to maintain homeostasis and prevent overstimulation of the target cells.

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  • 2. 

    These hormones act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream.

    • A.

      Local hormones

    • B.

      Paracrines

    • C.

      Autocrines

    • D.

      Both b and c

    • E.

      All of the above

    Correct Answer
    E. All of the above
    Explanation
    The given correct answer is "All of the above". This means that all of the options listed (local hormones, paracrines, and autocrines) are correct. These hormones act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream, which is a characteristic of both paracrines and autocrines. Therefore, all of the options are correct.

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  • 3. 

    These are lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol.

    • A.

      Peptide hormones

    • B.

      Steroids

    • C.

      Thyroid hormones

    • D.

      Nitric Oxide

    • E.

      Amine hormones

    Correct Answer
    B. Steroids
    Explanation
    Steroids are lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol. They are characterized by their ability to easily cross cell membranes due to their lipid nature. This allows them to bind to intracellular receptors and directly affect gene expression. Examples of steroid hormones include cortisol, testosterone, and estrogen.

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  • 4. 

    Which of the following is a major eicosanoid?

    • A.

      Prostaglandins

    • B.

      Leukotrienes

    • C.

      Glycoproteins

    • D.

      Both a and b

    • E.

      All of the above

    Correct Answer
    D. Both a and b
    Explanation
    Both prostaglandins and leukotrienes are major eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and play important roles in inflammation, immune response, and various physiological processes. Prostaglandins are involved in regulating inflammation, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction, while leukotrienes are primarily associated with allergic and inflammatory reactions. Glycoproteins are not eicosanoids, so the correct answer is "Both a and b".

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  • 5. 

    What is a major difference in the action of a water soluble hormone versus a lipid soluble hormone on a cell?

    • A.

      The use of a second messenger

    • B.

      Lipid hormones are not found in the bloodstream

    • C.

      How they diffuse through blood

    • D.

      How the mRNA is transcribed

    • E.

      Only one type needs a hormone receptor

    Correct Answer
    A. The use of a second messenger
    Explanation
    Water soluble hormones, such as peptide hormones, cannot pass through the cell membrane due to their hydrophilic nature. Instead, they bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of events that ultimately leads to the activation of a second messenger inside the cell. This second messenger, such as cAMP or calcium ions, then initiates specific cellular responses. In contrast, lipid soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, can easily pass through the cell membrane due to their hydrophobic nature. Once inside the cell, they bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, directly influencing gene expression and protein synthesis without the need for a second messenger.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following is not a way hormone secretion is regulated.

    • A.

      Signals from the nervous system

    • B.

      Chemical changes in the blood

    • C.

      Signals from the peripheral nervous system

    • D.

      The action of other hormones

    • E.

      Both a and b

    Correct Answer
    C. Signals from the peripHeral nervous system
    Explanation
    The peripheral nervous system is not involved in the regulation of hormone secretion. Hormone secretion is primarily regulated by signals from the nervous system, which includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Additionally, chemical changes in the blood also play a role in regulating hormone secretion. However, the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves outside the central nervous system, is not directly involved in this regulation.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates growth of long bones?

    • A.

      Prolactin

    • B.

      Thyrotropin

    • C.

      Follicle stimulating hormone

    • D.

      Adrenocorticotropic hormone

    • E.

      Human growth hormone

    Correct Answer
    E. Human growth hormone
    Explanation
    Human growth hormone (HGH) is responsible for stimulating the growth of long bones. It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in bone development and growth. HGH acts on the epiphyseal plates, which are located at the ends of long bones, and promotes the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, leading to bone elongation. Additionally, HGH also promotes the synthesis of proteins and the uptake of amino acids, which are essential for bone growth. Therefore, HGH is the correct answer for this question.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

    • A.

      Prolactin

    • B.

      Melanocyte stimulating hormone

    • C.

      Adrenocorticotropic hormone

    • D.

      Leutinizing hormone

    • E.

      Thyrotropin

    Correct Answer
    A. Prolactin
    Explanation
    Prolactin is the anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production. It is responsible for the development of mammary glands and the production of milk after childbirth. Prolactin levels increase during pregnancy and breastfeeding, promoting milk synthesis and secretion. This hormone is essential for lactation and plays a crucial role in the reproductive system of mammals.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates Cortisol production?

    • A.

      Adrenocorticotropic hormone

    • B.

      Insulin like growth factors

    • C.

      Luteinizing hormone

    • D.

      Prolactin

    • E.

      Melanocyte stimulating hormone

    Correct Answer
    A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
    Explanation
    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the correct answer because it stimulates the production of cortisol in the adrenal glands. Cortisol is a hormone that helps regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. ACTH is released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. It then acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate the synthesis and release of cortisol. This hormone plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates sex cell production?

    • A.

      Luteinizing hormone

    • B.

      Corticotropin

    • C.

      Melanocyte stimulating hormone

    • D.

      Growth hormone

    • E.

      TSH

    Correct Answer
    A. Luteinizing hormone
    Explanation
    Luteinizing hormone is the correct answer because it stimulates sex cell production. It is released by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in the reproductive system. Luteinizing hormone stimulates the production of testosterone in males and triggers ovulation in females. It is essential for the development and maturation of sex cells, making it the hormone responsible for sex cell production.

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  • 11. 

    The pars distalis and the pars tuberalis comprise:

    • A.

      The adrenal gland

    • B.

      The thyroid gland

    • C.

      The anterior pituitary

    • D.

      The hypothalamus

    • E.

      The posterior pituitary

    Correct Answer
    C. The anterior pituitary
    Explanation
    The pars distalis and pars tuberalis are two parts of the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary is responsible for producing and releasing various hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other bodily functions. These two parts, along with the pars intermedia, make up the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

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  • 12. 

    How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete?

    • A.

      7

    • B.

      10

    • C.

      12

    • D.

      Unlimited

    • E.

      5

    Correct Answer
    A. 7
    Explanation
    The five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete a total of seven hormones. This indicates that each type of cell secretes at least one hormone, but not more than two.

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  • 13. 

    Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?

    • A.

      Corticotrophs

    • B.

      Lactotrophs

    • C.

      Somatotrophs

    • D.

      Thyrotrophs

    • E.

      Gonadotrophs

    Correct Answer
    C. SomatotropHs
    Explanation
    Somatotrophs are the type of anterior pituitary cells that secrete human growth hormone. These cells are responsible for the production and release of growth hormone, which plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, and development in humans.

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  • 14. 

    Which hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

    • A.

      Melatonin stimulating hormone and Oxytocin

    • B.

      Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone

    • C.

      Follicle stimulating hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone

    • D.

      Prolactin and ACTH

    • E.

      Prolactin and Human Growth hormone

    Correct Answer
    B. Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone
    Explanation
    The posterior pituitary gland releases two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. Oxytocin plays a role in childbirth and breastfeeding, as it stimulates contractions of the uterus and the release of breast milk. Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin, helps regulate the body's water balance by reducing the amount of water excreted in urine. These two hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland, which is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for storing and releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

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  • 15. 

    The amount of ADH that is secreted varies with

    • A.

      Blood osmotic pressure

    • B.

      Blood calcium levels

    • C.

      Oxygen content of blood

    • D.

      Blood levels of glucose

    • E.

      All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Blood osmotic pressure
    Explanation
    ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that helps regulate the body's water balance. It acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, reducing the amount of urine produced. The amount of ADH secreted varies with blood osmotic pressure, which refers to the concentration of solutes in the blood. When blood osmotic pressure is high, indicating dehydration or high solute concentration, ADH secretion increases to conserve water. Conversely, when blood osmotic pressure is low, indicating hydration or low solute concentration, ADH secretion decreases. Therefore, the correct answer is "Blood osmotic pressure."

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

    • A.

      Thyroid stimulating hormone

    • B.

      Testosterone

    • C.

      Insulin

    • D.

      Calcitonin

    • E.

      Calcitriol

    Correct Answer
    D. Calcitonin
    Explanation
    Calcitonin is the hormone that opposes the action of parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels, while calcitonin works to decrease blood calcium levels. Therefore, calcitonin acts in opposition to the actions of parathyroid hormone.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following is not part of the process used to synthesize and secrete T3 and T4?

    • A.

      Iodide trapping

    • B.

      Oxidation of iodide

    • C.

      Coupling of T1 and T2

    • D.

      Hydrolysis of calcium

    • E.

      Iodination of tyrosine

    Correct Answer
    D. Hydrolysis of calcium
    Explanation
    Hydrolysis of calcium is not part of the process used to synthesize and secrete T3 and T4. The synthesis of T3 and T4 involves several steps, including iodide trapping, oxidation of iodide, coupling of T1 and T2, and iodination of tyrosine. Hydrolysis of calcium is not involved in the synthesis or secretion of thyroid hormones.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following would most likely result when aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is impaired?

    • A.

      Alkalosis

    • B.

      Decreased heart rate

    • C.

      Decreased airway dilation

    • D.

      Increased airway dilation

    • E.

      Acidosis

    Correct Answer
    E. Acidosis
    Explanation
    When aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is impaired, it would most likely result in acidosis. Aldosterone is responsible for regulating the levels of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium in the body. It promotes the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys. When aldosterone secretion is impaired, there is an imbalance in electrolyte levels, leading to an excess of potassium and a decrease in sodium. This can disrupt the acid-base balance in the body, causing acidosis, which is characterized by an increase in acidity in the blood.

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  • 19. 

    Which of the following hormones contribute to the body's long term response to stress?

    • A.

      Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin

    • B.

      Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone

    • C.

      HGH, Insulin, Aldosterone

    • D.

      Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

    • E.

      Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH

    Correct Answer
    D. Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone
    Explanation
    Cortisol, hGH, and Thyroid hormone are all hormones that contribute to the body's long-term response to stress. Cortisol is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress and helps regulate blood sugar levels, suppress the immune system, and aid in metabolism. hGH (human growth hormone) is produced by the pituitary gland and helps regulate growth, metabolism, and the immune system. Thyroid hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, helps regulate metabolism, body temperature, and energy levels. Together, these hormones play a crucial role in the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis.

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  • 20. 

    The responses of the body to long term stress does NOT include which one of the following responses.

    • A.

      Glycogenolysis

    • B.

      Increased heart rate

    • C.

      Gluconeogenesis

    • D.

      Breakdown of proteins

    • E.

      Lipolysis

    Correct Answer
    B. Increased heart rate
    Explanation
    Long-term stress triggers various physiological responses in the body, such as glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, breakdown of proteins, and lipolysis. However, increased heart rate is not typically associated with the body's response to long-term stress. While short-term stress can cause a temporary increase in heart rate, long-term stress usually leads to other cardiovascular changes, such as increased blood pressure.

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  • 21. 

    This gland secretes hGH, TSH and FSH among other hormones.

    • A.

      D

    • B.

      C

    • C.

      A

    • D.

      B

    • E.

      I

    Correct Answer
    D. B
    Explanation
    The correct answer is B because the gland that secretes hGH (human growth hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) among other hormones is the pituitary gland.

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  • 22. 

    The hormones from this gland regulate basal metabolic rate.

    • A.

      D

    • B.

      G

    • C.

      A

    • D.

      I

    • E.

      C

    Correct Answer
    E. C
    Explanation
    The correct answer is C. The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate. These hormones, known as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play a crucial role in controlling the body's metabolism, energy production, and heat generation. When the thyroid gland is not functioning properly, it can lead to imbalances in these hormones, resulting in conditions such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Therefore, the thyroid gland is essential for maintaining a healthy metabolic rate in the body.

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  • 23. 

    This gland's hormones help regulate blood calcium levels.

    • A.

      D

    • B.

      I

    • C.

      B

    • D.

      A

    • E.

      H

    Correct Answer
    B. I
    Explanation
    The correct answer is I. The hormones produced by the gland mentioned in the question help regulate blood calcium levels.

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  • 24. 

    This gland produces stress reducing steroid hormones.

    • A.

      I

    • B.

      H

    • C.

      F

    • D.

      D

    • E.

      G

    Correct Answer
    B. H
    Explanation
    The correct answer is H. This gland produces stress reducing steroid hormones. The gland referred to in the question is likely the adrenal gland, which is responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, which help to reduce stress.

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  • 25. 

    Which step represents the synthesis of TGB?

    • A.

      4

    • B.

      2

    • C.

      6

    • D.

      7

    • E.

      1

    Correct Answer
    B. 2
    Explanation
    Step 2 represents the synthesis of TGB.

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  • 26. 

    Which step represents coupling of T1 and T2?

    • A.

      5

    • B.

      3

    • C.

      7

    • D.

      4

    • E.

      6

    Correct Answer
    A. 5
    Explanation
    Step 5 represents the coupling of T1 and T2. This can be inferred from the given options where step 5 is the only one mentioned. Without any further context or information, it is assumed that step 5 is the correct answer for the question.

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  • 27. 

    Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes mainly aldosterone?

    • A.

      D

    • B.

      A

    • C.

      C

    • D.

      B

    Correct Answer
    B. A
    Explanation
    The correct answer is A. The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, called the zona glomerulosa, secretes mainly aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys. The other layers of the adrenal cortex, such as the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, secrete different hormones such as cortisol and androgens.

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  • 28. 

    Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

    • A.

      D

    • B.

      A

    • C.

      B

    • D.

      C

    Correct Answer
    D. C
    Explanation
    The correct answer is C. The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex, known as the zona reticularis, secretes androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones, such as testosterone, that are also present in females but in smaller quantities. These hormones play a role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics, as well as in various physiological processes in both males and females.

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  • 29. 

    Name the disease in which the cells labeled A are being destroyed by the victim's immune system?

    • A.

      Tetany

    • B.

      Diabetes insipidus

    • C.

      Type 1 diabetes

    • D.

      Hypoglycemia

    • E.

      Addison's disease

    Correct Answer
    C. Type 1 diabetes
    Explanation
    In type 1 diabetes, the cells labeled A are being destroyed by the victim's immune system. This is because the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, known as beta cells. This leads to a lack of insulin in the body, which is necessary for regulating blood sugar levels. As a result, individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage their blood sugar levels.

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  • 30. 

    Name the disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in this figure?

    • A.

      Graves' Disease

    • B.

      Gigantism

    • C.

      Cushing's syndrome

    • D.

      Type 2 diabetes

    • E.

      Goiter

    Correct Answer
    B. Gigantism
    Explanation
    The disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in the figure is gigantism. Gigantism is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height due to an overproduction of growth hormone before the closure of the growth plates in the long bones. This condition typically occurs during childhood or adolescence and is often caused by a non-cancerous tumor in the pituitary gland. Symptoms may include accelerated growth, enlarged hands and feet, facial changes, joint pain, and delayed puberty. Treatment usually involves surgery or medication to remove or control the tumor and normalize growth hormone levels.

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  • 31. 

    The disorder shown in one of the identical twins seen in this figure is due to a hypersecretion of hormones from which organ?

    • A.

      Thyroid gland

    • B.

      Pineal gland

    • C.

      Parathyroid gland

    • D.

      Pituitary gland

    • E.

      Pancreas

    Correct Answer
    D. Pituitary gland
    Explanation
    The disorder shown in one of the identical twins in the figure is due to a hypersecretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and releasing various hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions. When there is an excessive secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland, it can lead to hormonal imbalances and disorders. This can cause a range of symptoms and health issues, depending on the specific hormones involved and their effects on the body.

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  • 32. 

     The patient shown is suffering from a disease called ____________, caused by an adulthood pituitary hypersecretion.

    • A.

      Graves' Disease

    • B.

      Goiter

    • C.

      Cushing's syndrome

    • D.

      Acromegaly

    • E.

      Tetany

    Correct Answer
    D. Acromegaly
    Explanation
    Acromegaly is a disease caused by an adulthood pituitary hypersecretion. It is characterized by the excessive growth of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face. Symptoms may include enlarged facial features, enlarged hands and feet, joint pain, and thickened skin. This condition is usually caused by a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland that produces excessive growth hormone. Treatment options may include surgery, medication, or radiation therapy to reduce the production of growth hormone and manage the symptoms.

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  • 33. 

     Hypersecretion of which hormone during adulthood can cause this disorder?

    • A.

      Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

    • B.

      Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

    • C.

      Human growth hormone (hGH)

    • D.

      Glucagon

    • E.

      Aldosterone

    Correct Answer
    C. Human growth hormone (hGH)
  • 34. 

    Name the disorder shown in this figure.

    • A.

      Acromegaly

    • B.

      Cushing's syndrome

    • C.

      Graves' Disease

    • D.

      Goiter

    • E.

      Tetany

    Correct Answer
    D. Goiter
    Explanation
    The disorder shown in the figure is goiter. Goiter is a condition characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors, such as iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules, or inflammation. Goiter can result in symptoms like swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and changes in the voice. Treatment for goiter depends on the underlying cause and may involve medication, surgery, or iodine supplements.

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  • 35. 

     Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce which of the following disorders?

    • A.

      Myxedema

    • B.

      Cushing's syndrome

    • C.

      Acromegaly

    • D.

      Graves' Disease

    • E.

      Hypoglycemia

    Correct Answer
    A. Myxedema
    Explanation
    Hypothyroidism during adulthood can produce myxedema. Myxedema is a condition characterized by swelling of the skin and underlying tissues, caused by the accumulation of a substance called mucin. It is a result of decreased thyroid hormone production, leading to a slower metabolism and various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, and cold intolerance. Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, Graves' disease, and hypoglycemia are not directly associated with hypothyroidism.

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  • 36. 

    The presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern, especially in women; and may be due to excess androgen production due to tumors or drugs. This condition is called:

    • A.

      Acromegaly

    • B.

      Myxedema

    • C.

      Tetany

    • D.

      Hirsutism

    • E.

      Gynecomastia

    Correct Answer
    D. Hirsutism
    Explanation
    Hirsutism is the correct answer because it is the condition characterized by excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern, particularly in women. This condition is often caused by excess androgen production, which can be due to tumors or drugs. Acromegaly is a condition characterized by excessive growth and enlargement of certain body parts, myxedema is a condition caused by underactive thyroid, tetany is a condition characterized by muscle spasms and Gynecomastia is the enlargement of breast tissue in males.

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  • 37. 

     t Hypersecretion of a hormone produced in this gland resulting in a type of depression affecting some people during the winter months leads to a condition known as:

    • A.

      Thyroid crisis (storm)

    • B.

      Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • C.

      Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

    • D.

      Exhaustion

    • E.

      General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

    Correct Answer
    C. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
    Explanation
    Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during the winter months due to hypersecretion of a hormone produced in the gland. This hormone imbalance affects some people and leads to symptoms of depression, fatigue, and low energy levels. The other options, such as thyroid crisis, PTSD, exhaustion, and GAS, do not specifically relate to the symptoms and causes described in the question.

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  • 38. 

    A type of depression affecting some people during the winter months is due in part to hypersecretion of which hormone produced in the gland pointed to with line A:

    • A.

      Aldosterone

    • B.

      Glucagon

    • C.

      Testosterone

    • D.

      Melatonin

    • E.

      Vasopressin

    Correct Answer
    D. Melatonin
    Explanation
    During the winter months, some people experience a type of depression known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). This is believed to be caused by a disruption in the body's circadian rhythm, which is influenced by the hormone melatonin. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, which is indicated by line A in the diagram. The hypersecretion (excessive production) of melatonin during the winter months can lead to symptoms of depression, fatigue, and changes in sleep patterns. Therefore, melatonin is the correct answer as it is the hormone associated with the winter depression.

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  • 39. 

      Which of the following hormones is produced by the gland labeled with line A?

    • A.

      Melatonin

    • B.

      Vasopressin

    • C.

      Thymopoietin

    • D.

      Testosterone

    • E.

      Glucagon

    Correct Answer
    C. Thymopoietin

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  • Mar 19, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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