Endocrine System Quiz Chapter 14

Insulin is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose levels. It is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released into the bloodstream, signaling cells to take in glucose and use it for energy or store it for later use. Insulin also inhibits the liver from producing more glucose. Therefore, insulin helps to maintain blood glucose within a normal range and prevents it from getting too high. Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol, on the other hand, have the opposite effect and increase blood glucose levels.

Enlargement of the thyroid gland is called a goiter. A goiter is a condition where the thyroid gland becomes abnormally large, often causing swelling in the neck. This can be caused by various factors such as iodine deficiency, inflammation, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that a goiter itself does not directly cause addisonian crisis, Cushingoid appearance, or hypocalcemic tetany, as these are separate medical conditions with their own causes and symptoms.

The lactogenic hormone, also known as oxytocin, stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk. This hormone plays a crucial role in the lactation process by triggering the release of milk from the mammary glands. It acts on the smooth muscles of the mammary glands, causing them to contract and push the milk into the ducts. This allows for the secretion and expression of milk, which is essential for breastfeeding and nourishing the newborn.

Obesity can lead to insulin resistance, where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin. This can result in elevated blood glucose levels, as insulin is unable to effectively regulate sugar levels. Additionally, obesity can cause increased reabsorption of sodium and water in the body, leading to higher blood volume and increased blood pressure. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations for the effects of obesity.

Oxytocin is a neurohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the uterine muscle to contract, thereby assisting in labor. This hormone is released by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in childbirth by promoting contractions of the uterus. It helps to initiate and maintain labor, as well as regulate the intensity and frequency of contractions. Oxytocin also plays a role in bonding and social behavior, as it is released during breastfeeding and promotes maternal-infant attachment.

T3, T4, and calcitonin are hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland. These hormones play important roles in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones that help control the body's metabolism, while calcitonin helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. The parathyroid glands, on the other hand, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels. Therefore, the correct answer is that T3, T4, and calcitonin are secreted by the thyroid gland.

High plasma levels of glucose serve as a stimulus for the release of insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When glucose levels in the blood rise, such as after a meal, the pancreas detects this increase and releases insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose in liver and muscle cells, and also signals cells to increase their uptake of glucose from the bloodstream, thereby reducing blood sugar levels.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. It stimulates the formation of glycogen, which is the storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles. Insulin also increases the transport of glucose into cells, allowing them to use it as an energy source. Additionally, insulin stimulates the synthesis of proteins and fats, promoting their formation and storage. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as insulin has multiple effects on glycogen formation, glucose transport, and protein and fat synthesis.

The adrenal medulla is part of the "fight-or-flight" response. This is because it is responsible for the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are hormones that are released during times of stress or danger. These hormones help to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, preparing the body to either fight or flee from a threatening situation.

The terms iodine, colloid, and goiter are all related to the thyroid gland. Iodine is an essential nutrient for the production of thyroid hormones, which are stored in the colloid within the thyroid gland. A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by a deficiency of iodine. Therefore, the correct answer is thyroid.

The interaction described in the question is known as negative feedback control. In this process, the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland inhibits the further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. This creates a feedback loop where the initial hormone (cortisol) suppresses the secretion of the hormone that stimulated its release (ACTH), resulting in a self-regulatory mechanism to maintain hormone levels within a normal range.

The growth hormone is secreted by the adenohypophysis, which is a gland in the brain. This hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones and muscles. Additionally, the growth hormone is also known as the somatotropic hormone. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the options are correct.

The islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells found in the pancreas. These cells, known as alpha and beta cells, secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon helps increase blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is that the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon.

Hirutism refers to the excessive growth of hair in locations where hair growth in women is normally minimal. This condition is often caused by hormonal imbalances, such as an excess of androgens, which can lead to the development of masculine characteristics. Common areas affected by hirutism include the face, chest, and back. Treatment options for hirutism may include hormonal therapy or procedures such as laser hair removal.

A deficiency of insulin causes hyperglycemia because insulin is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. When there is not enough insulin in the body, glucose cannot enter the cells effectively, leading to an accumulation of glucose in the bloodstream. This results in high blood sugar levels, which is known as hyperglycemia.

Insulin and glucagon are hormones that are secreted by the pancreas and are involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high and it helps to lower blood glucose by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. On the other hand, glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low and it helps to increase blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Therefore, the correct answer is that insulin and glucagon are secreted by the pancreas and are concerned with the regulation of blood glucose.

The given answer is correct because it accurately states that steroids include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Steroids are a class of hormones that are produced naturally in the body by the adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a role in regulating metabolism and inflammation. Mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Androgens, such as testosterone, are responsible for the development of male characteristics. Therefore, the statement that steroids include these three types of hormones is accurate.

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are secreted by the gonads, which are the reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs or sperm. These hormones play a crucial role in sexual development and function. Estrogen and progesterone are primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is mainly produced by the testes in males. These hormones are involved in regulating secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and menstruation in females, and facial hair growth and deepening of the voice in males.

The pineal gland is responsible for secreting melatonin, a hormone that regulates our biological rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles. Melatonin is produced in response to darkness and helps to synchronize our internal body clock with the external environment. This gland is located deep within the brain and plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, such as sleep, mood, and reproductive functions.

Testosterone is best described as virilizing because it is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. It promotes the growth of facial and body hair, deepens the voice, and contributes to muscle and bone development. It also plays a role in the regulation of libido and mood. Therefore, the term "virilizing" accurately describes the effects and functions of testosterone in the male body.

The correct answer is "second chemical messenger" because cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a molecule that acts as a secondary messenger in many biological processes. It is produced in response to the activation of G-protein coupled receptors and plays a crucial role in signal transduction, relaying the message from the primary messenger (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter) to intracellular targets, ultimately leading to various cellular responses.

The adrenal cortex is the correct answer because it is responsible for producing hormones that regulate sugar, salt, and sex. It produces aldosterone, which helps regulate salt and water balance in the body, and cortisol, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. Additionally, the adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, including estrogen and testosterone.

The phrase "sugar, salt, and sex" is descriptive of cortisol, aldosterone, and testosterone. These hormones are all involved in regulating various bodily functions related to metabolism, fluid balance, and sexual development and function. Cortisol is a stress hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels and metabolism, aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance in the body, and testosterone is a sex hormone involved in male sexual development and function. Therefore, the given answer is correct.

Portal capillaries are a specialized network of blood vessels that connect two sets of capillaries without passing through the heart. In this case, portal capillaries carry releasing hormones from the brain to the anterior pituitary gland. These releasing hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus and travel through the portal capillaries to the anterior pituitary gland, where they stimulate the release of other hormones into the bloodstream. This communication between the brain and the anterior pituitary gland is essential for regulating various bodily functions.

The given correct answer for this question is "are hormones". This means that insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin are all classified as hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by various glands in the body and are responsible for regulating different functions and processes. In this case, insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin are all hormones that play important roles in regulating blood glucose levels, metabolism, stress response, and reproductive functions.

Releasing hormones are found within the hypophyseal hypothalamic portal capillaries. These hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and are responsible for stimulating the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. They travel through the portal system to reach the anterior pituitary, where they bind to specific receptors and trigger the release of hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (GH).

Insulin is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells. Hypersecretion of insulin would result in increased uptake of glucose, leading to lower blood sugar levels and hypoglycemia, rather than hyperglycemia. Therefore, insulin is least likely to cause hyperglycemia.

The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. It secretes releasing hormones that control the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, which makes the second option a correct description of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus also synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are involved in regulating social behavior and water balance, respectively. However, it does not directly secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or gonadotropins. These hormones are actually secreted by the anterior pituitary gland under the control of the hypothalamus.

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by the neurohypophysis, which is the posterior part of the pituitary gland. The neurohypophysis is responsible for storing and releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus. ADH, also known as vasopressin, helps regulate the body's water balance by decreasing urine production and increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Oxytocin plays a role in various reproductive functions, including uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Therefore, the correct answer is that ADH and oxytocin are secreted by the neurohypophysis.

The adrenal medulla is primarily responsible for producing and releasing catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are involved in the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for stressful situations. On the other hand, sugar, salt, and sex are not directly associated with the adrenal medulla's function. While hormones like aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens are produced in the adrenal cortex and are involved in regulating salt balance, blood sugar levels, and sex hormone production, they are not specifically associated with the adrenal medulla.

Catecholamines refer to a group of hormones that include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. These hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla, not the adrenal cortex. Catecholamines have various physiological effects, such as increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Therefore, the correct answer is that catecholamines include epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

Testosterone is an androgen because it is a male sex hormone that plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. It is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. Unlike progesterone, estrogen, and aldosterone, which have different functions in the body, testosterone specifically acts as an androgen.

Kussmaul respirations occur in response to metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH. Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid, and labored breathing patterns that help to compensate for the acidosis by blowing off excess carbon dioxide and increasing the amount of oxygen in the blood. This respiratory compensation helps to restore the acid-base balance in the body. Hyperglycemia, pH of 7.48, and dehydration are not directly associated with Kussmaul respirations.

The pancreas is the correct answer because it secretes two hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. One hormone, called insulin, decreases blood glucose by promoting its uptake into cells. The other hormone, called glucagon, elevates blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. Therefore, the pancreas plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose balance.

Bronzing is a characteristic symptom of chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease. This condition occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. The lack of these hormones can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation of the skin, known as bronzing. Therefore, the given answer is correct as it accurately describes the association between bronzing and chronic adrenal cortical insufficiency.

Hypocalcemic tetany is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to muscle spasms and twitching. One possible cause of hypocalcemic tetany is a deficiency of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body, so a deficiency of this hormone can result in low calcium levels and the symptoms of tetany. Insulin deficiency, on the other hand, is not associated with hypocalcemic tetany.

The correct answer is "refers to the anterior pituitary gland." The term "adenohypophysis" is another name for the anterior pituitary gland, which is a part of the brain that secretes various hormones.

Ketoacidosis is a condition characterized by the accumulation of ketones in the blood. Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fatty acids for energy in the absence of glucose. Therefore, excess fatty acid catabolism is the most related to ketoacidosis as it leads to the increased production of ketones. Adrenal cortical insufficiency and Cushing's syndrome are conditions related to hormonal imbalances, while hyperglycemia is high blood sugar levels and not directly related to the production of ketones.

The group that is incorrect is "hormones of the anterior pituitary gland: ACTH, prolactin, TSH, oxytocin". Oxytocin is not a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland, but rather a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland.

Iodine containing hormones, such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), are secreted by the hypothalamus as releasing hormones. These hormones are not steroids, but they do play a crucial role in regulating the metabolic rate.

The group "steroids: cortiol, aldoterone, testosterone, epinephrine" is incorrect because epinephrine is not a steroid hormone. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone produced by the adrenal glands, whereas the other hormones listed in the group are steroids.

ACTH, or adrenocorticotropic hormone, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response. When ACTH binds to receptors in the adrenal cortex, it triggers the release of cortisol. Therefore, the correct answer is that ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves' disease are all conditions that affect the function of the thyroid gland. Cretinism is a congenital form of hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Myxedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism that occurs in adults. Graves' disease, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder that leads to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Therefore, all three conditions are related to the dysfunction of the thyroid gland, making "disorders of thyroid gland function" the correct answer.

The adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal gland and is responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Therefore, the adrenal cortex is the target gland of ACTH.

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is not controlled by a hypothalamic-releasing hormone. Instead, it is controlled by the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal tract. ADH is released in response to increased osmolality or decreased blood volume, and it acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, reducing urine output and helping to maintain fluid balance in the body. The hypothalamic-releasing hormones, on the other hand, regulate the release of pituitary hormones such as ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin.

The person with hyperglycemia is most likely to receive insulin therapy because hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. Insulin therapy is commonly used to regulate blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes, including those with hyperglycemia. Insulin helps to lower blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, thus reducing the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Therefore, individuals with hyperglycemia would benefit from insulin therapy to help manage their condition.

Low plasma levels of calcium stimulate the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood. It promotes the release of calcium from bones, enhances reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulates the production of activated vitamin D, which increases calcium absorption in the intestines. Therefore, secretion of PTH is the appropriate response to low plasma levels of calcium.

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are both secreted by the parathyroid glands and play a crucial role in controlling plasma levels of calcium. Calcitonin helps to decrease plasma levels of calcium by inhibiting the release of calcium from bones and promoting its excretion by the kidneys. On the other hand, parathyroid hormone increases plasma levels of calcium by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing the absorption of calcium from the intestines, and reducing its excretion by the kidneys. Together, these hormones work to maintain the balance of calcium in the body, ensuring its proper functioning.

The correct answer is "is the posterior pituitary gland." The neurohypophysis refers to the posterior pituitary gland, which is responsible for storing and releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus. This gland secretes hormones such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which are involved in various physiological processes including childbirth, milk production, and water balance.

Elevated plasma calcium levels are most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. When plasma calcium levels are high, calcitonin is released to inhibit the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing calcium into the blood. This helps to lower blood calcium levels and maintain homeostasis.