Emea Hernia Test SEC 1-3 Level2

The correct answer is Linea alba. The linea alba is a white vertical tendon-like line of connective tissue that joins the two rectus abdominus muscles. It is formed by the union of fibers from muscles and extends down the midline of the abdomen.

It’s made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

The correct answer is "Situated at the front." In humans, the terms "anterior" and "ventral" are used to describe positions or structures that are located towards the front of the body. "Anterior" refers to the front or forward-facing side, while "ventral" refers to the belly or abdominal side. These terms are commonly used in anatomy and physiology to describe the relative positions of organs, tissues, and body structures.

A strangulated hernia occurs when the blood supply to and from a hernia is completely cut off, resulting in the compression of the trapped tissue. This can lead to serious complications and requires immediate medical attention.

During the inflammatory phase of wound healing, the body's immune response is activated to fight off any potential infections. Foreign material present in the wound can act as a breeding ground for bacteria, increasing the risk of infection. This is because bacteria can easily adhere to foreign objects and multiply, causing harm to the healing process. Therefore, the presence of foreign material in a wound makes it more susceptible to infection during the inflammatory phase.

A fistula is an abnormal passageway that develops between two organs, cavities, or the skin. It can be caused by various factors such as infection, inflammation, trauma, or surgical procedures. Fistulas can occur in different parts of the body, including the digestive tract, urinary system, or reproductive organs. They can lead to the leakage of fluids or waste material between the connected structures, causing symptoms such as pain, infection, or abnormal discharge. Treatment for fistulas may involve surgical repair or the use of medical interventions to close the abnormal passageway.

The peritoneum is a thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. In the case of a hernia, where organs or tissues protrude through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, the peritoneum forms a sac-like structure to contain these organs or tissues. This helps to prevent further damage and allows for easier surgical repair of the hernia.

The correct answer is Omphalocele, gastroschisis, and umbilical. These are the three types of congenital ventral hernia. Omphalocele refers to a herniation of abdominal viscera through the umbilical ring, while gastroschisis is a defect in the abdominal wall that allows the abdominal contents to protrude outside the body. Umbilical hernia occurs when the intestines or fatty tissue protrude through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the belly button.

When a synthetic mesh is implanted in the body, scar tissue forms around it as a natural healing response. Over time, this scar tissue can contract, causing the mesh to shrink. This shrinkage can lead to complications and may require additional medical intervention. Therefore, the contraction of scar tissue around the mesh is one of the reasons why shrinkage may occur.

Aponeurosis is a correct answer because it refers to a thin, transparent, and sinewy sheet of fibrous connective tissue that joins muscles to other tissues. It is a strong and flat tendon-like structure that helps distribute the force of muscle contractions and provides stability to the body. Aponeurosis is commonly found in areas such as the abdomen, back, and scalp, where it helps to connect and support muscles.

The correct answer is A, C & D. Traumatic ventral hernias can occur due to penetrating injuries, blunt force trauma, and destructive forces. Penetrating injuries refer to wounds that penetrate the abdominal wall, such as stab wounds. Blunt force trauma refers to a strong impact or force applied to the abdomen, causing herniation. Destructive forces include injuries that cause damage to the abdominal wall, such as crush injuries or explosions. Therefore, all of the options A, C, and D are correct for traumatic ventral hernias.

Luijendijk's conclusion suggests that regardless of the size of the hernia, mesh repair is better than suture repair in terms of recurrence. This means that using a mesh to repair the hernia is more effective in preventing the hernia from recurring compared to using sutures. The size of the hernia does not affect the superiority of mesh repair over suture repair in terms of recurrence.

The given answer states that the results for patients with small incisional hernias after a 10 year follow up by Burger et al showed that 67% of patients underwent suture repair and 17% underwent mesh repair. This suggests that the majority of patients with small incisional hernias opted for suture repair rather than mesh repair, with a smaller percentage choosing mesh repair.

Component separation is a surgical technique used to repair large abdominal wall defects, such as hernias. It involves releasing and mobilizing the lateral abdominal wall muscles, such as the external oblique and internal oblique muscles, along with the overlying fascia. This allows for the creation of tension-free closure and reconstruction of the abdominal wall. By separating the lateral abdominal wall muscles and fascia, the surgeon can effectively repair the defect and restore the integrity of the abdominal wall.

Microfilament meshes are at a higher risk for infection because white blood cells, which play a crucial role in fighting off infections, are unable to pass through the small openings in the mesh. This hinders the body's immune response and increases the likelihood of infection.

Ventral hernia repair can be accomplished using primary closure, which involves suturing the edges of the hernia defect together. Repair using a prosthesis is also an option, where a synthetic mesh or biological material is used to reinforce the weakened abdominal wall. Secondary closure refers to the closure of a wound after it has been allowed to heal by secondary intention, and delayed closure involves leaving the wound open to heal on its own before closing it.

Ventral incisional hernias develop at the site of laparotomy incisions. The correct answer is 4-20% because this range represents the percentage of ventral incisional hernias that occur at the site of laparotomy incisions. This suggests that a significant number of patients who undergo laparotomy procedures are at risk of developing ventral incisional hernias.