Emea Hernia Test SEC 1-3 Level 3

An incisional hernia occurs when the peritoneum protrudes through the weakness in the abdominal wall that was created by a surgical incision. This can happen when the incision site does not heal properly or when there is increased pressure on the abdominal wall, causing the weakened area to bulge out. It is a common complication of abdominal surgeries and can cause pain, discomfort, and potential complications if left untreated.

When an organ or part of an organ bulges out or protrudes through an opening or defect in a cavity or vessel that normally contains it, it is referred to as a hernia. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bulging, hernia."

The statement is true because superficial fascia is indeed found as a single layer of connective tissue superior to the umbilicus. It is referred to as camper's fascia and scarpa's fascia when it is located inferior to the umbilicus.

The correct answer is congenital and acquired. Diaphragmatic hernias can be classified into two main types: congenital and acquired. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias occur due to a defect in the diaphragm that is present at birth, while acquired diaphragmatic hernias develop later in life due to factors such as trauma, surgery, or weakening of the diaphragm muscles. These two types of hernias have different causes and require different treatment approaches.

Rolling hiatal hernias are a type of hernia where the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity. These hernias are also known as paraesophageal hernias because they occur next to the esophagus. The term "rolling" refers to the movement of the stomach as it herniates. This type of hernia is different from other types such as epigastric, ventral, or parastomal hernias, which occur in different areas of the abdomen or abdominal wall.

A parastomal hernia is a common complication of ostomy surgery. It occurs when a bulge or protrusion develops around the stoma, which is the opening created in the abdomen for waste to exit the body. This hernia can happen due to weakened abdominal muscles or increased pressure in the area. Parastomal hernias can cause discomfort, pain, and difficulty with the proper functioning of the ostomy appliance. Therefore, it is important for individuals with an ostomy to be aware of the signs and symptoms of a parastomal hernia and seek medical attention if they suspect its development.

The most common type of hernia repair is an inguinal hernia. Inguinal hernias occur when the intestines or bladder protrude through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, near the groin. They are more common in men and can cause pain and discomfort. Surgery is usually required to repair an inguinal hernia, and it is the most frequently performed type of hernia repair.

According to the Luijendijk paper, repair of incisional hernias using sutures alone may lead to excessive tension and wound dehiscence, as well as incisional herniation and cutting of sutures through tissue. This means that using sutures alone for repair can result in complications such as the wound not healing properly, the hernia recurring, and the sutures tearing through the tissue.

Composite meshes were designed to resist bowel adhesion on the under (bowel) side and
promote incorporation on the top side (anterior or ventral)

The correct answer is "Primary". In the context of the question, "primary" refers to the type of repair being compared in the study conducted by Luijendijk et al. The study compared suture repair to mesh repair in 200 patients with ventral incisional hernias. The term "primary" is used to indicate that the focus of the study was on comparing these two types of repair methods.

Luijendijk et al was published in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Class III Surgical Wound Classification refers to a wound that is contaminated due to a major break in sterile technique or gross spillage from the gastrointestinal tract. This means that during the surgery, there was a significant amount of fluid or material from the gastrointestinal tract that spilled into the wound, increasing the risk of infection.

The paired muscles that make up the anterior or anterolateral portions of the abdominal wall are the Rectus Abdominus, External Oblique, Internal Oblique, and Transverse Abdominus. These muscles work together to provide stability and support to the abdominal region. The Rectus Abdominus is the central muscle that runs vertically down the abdomen and is responsible for flexing the spine. The External Oblique muscles are located on the sides of the abdomen and are involved in rotating and bending the trunk. The Internal Oblique muscles are located underneath the External Oblique muscles and also assist in trunk rotation and bending. The Transverse Abdominus is the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall and helps to compress the abdominal contents.

The organs contained in the abdominal viscera are the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The lungs are not considered part of the abdominal viscera as they are located in the thoracic cavity.

The three hernia categories most commonly seen today are ventral, groin, and diaphragmatic. Ventral hernias occur in the abdominal wall, groin hernias occur in the inguinal region, and diaphragmatic hernias occur when organs from the abdomen move into the chest through a hole in the diaphragm.

Seroma and hematoma are both potential complications of hernia repair. A seroma is a collection of fluid that can accumulate in the surgical site, while a hematoma is a collection of blood. Both seromas and hematomas can cause the wound to breakdown or open, which can expose the mesh used in the repair and increase the risk of infection. Therefore, seroma and hematoma are serious complications that can occur after hernia repair.

The Luijendijk and Burger papers identified several risk factors that influenced recurrence rates. These risk factors include the presence of infection or wound contamination, the presence of abdominal aneurysm, conditions related to the prostate gland such as inflammation, the age of the patient, and the size of the hernia. These factors were found to be significant in determining the likelihood of recurrence in patients.