Medical Radiography Quiz Questions

The Waters film is used to visualize the sinus. The Waters view is an extraoral radiographic technique that provides a lateral view of the maxillary sinuses. It is commonly used in dentistry to assess the sinuses for signs of infection, inflammation, or other abnormalities. This technique involves placing the film under the patient's nose and angling the X-ray beam towards the forehead. This allows for a clear visualization of the maxillary sinuses and helps in diagnosing sinus-related issues.

The pulp chamber is the correct answer because it is not radiopaque. Radiopacity refers to the ability of a substance to block or absorb X-rays, making it appear white on a radiograph. Enamel, cortical plate, and alveolar bone are all radiopaque tissues, meaning they appear white on X-rays. However, the pulp chamber, which contains soft tissues like nerves and blood vessels, is not radiopaque and appears darker on X-rays.

X-ray films should be kept by the dentist indefinitely because they serve as important records for a patient's dental history. These films provide valuable information about the patient's oral health, previous treatments, and any potential issues that may arise in the future. By keeping the X-ray films indefinitely, the dentist can refer back to them as needed for accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring the progress of the patient's dental health over time. Additionally, retaining these records can also help in legal and insurance matters if any disputes or claims arise in the future.

The size of the silver bromide crystal determines the film speed. Smaller crystals allow less light to be captured, resulting in a slower film speed, while larger crystals allow more light to be captured, resulting in a faster film speed.

Filtration of the x-ray beam protects the patient by eliminating weak wavelength xrays from the x-ray beam. Weak wavelength xrays have lower energy and are less penetrating, which means they are more likely to be absorbed by the patient's body tissues. By eliminating these weak xrays, the filtration reduces the dose of radiation received by the patient, minimizing the potential harm and increasing the safety of the procedure.

The side of the nose is called the "ala". The ala refers to the outer, fleshy part of the nostril that helps to shape and support the nose. It is also involved in the regulation of airflow during breathing.

The fixing solution is acidic because it is used in photography to remove the unexposed silver halide from the photographic film or paper. Acidic solutions help to dissolve and remove the unexposed silver halide particles effectively.

Intensifying screens are used in extraoral films to decrease the exposure time required for capturing the image. These screens contain phosphor crystals that emit light when exposed to x-rays, which in turn reduces the amount of radiation needed to create the image. The emitted light intensifies the exposure on the film, allowing for shorter exposure times and reducing the patient's radiation exposure. Therefore, the use of intensifying screens helps to decrease the exposure time required for extraoral films.

To achieve maximum penetration of X-rays, a high kilovoltage peak (kVp) and low milliamperes (mA) are required. The higher the kVp, the greater the energy of the X-rays, allowing them to penetrate deeper into the body. On the other hand, the mA determines the quantity of X-rays produced. Therefore, selecting 90 kVp and 10 mA would provide the best combination for maximum penetration of X-rays.

The housing of the x-ray tube is made of glass because glass is a good insulator and can withstand the high temperatures generated during x-ray production. It also allows for the passage of x-rays while protecting the surrounding environment from radiation. Additionally, glass is transparent, allowing technicians to visually inspect the tube for any damage or malfunction.

Reticulation refers to the cracking of the film emulsion. This occurs when there is a sudden and extreme change in temperature during the developing process. The emulsion, which is the light-sensitive layer on the film, contracts and expands too quickly, leading to cracks or wrinkles on the surface. This can result in a loss of image quality and detail. It is important to maintain proper temperature control during film development to prevent reticulation.

The chemicals used in processing solutions need to be dissolved in a liquid in order to create a solution. Distilled water is a common choice for this purpose because it is pure and free from impurities that could interfere with the chemical reactions. It is also a neutral solvent, meaning it does not react with most chemicals. Therefore, using distilled water ensures that the chemicals can dissolve properly and react as intended in the processing solution.

Caries refers to tooth decay or cavities, which are areas of the tooth that have been damaged and demineralized by acid-producing bacteria. In radiographs, caries appear radiolucent because they allow more X-rays to pass through, resulting in a darker or less dense appearance compared to the surrounding healthy tooth structure. This is because the decayed area lacks the mineral content that would otherwise block or attenuate the X-rays. Therefore, caries are the correct answer as they appear radiolucent on dental radiographs.

The long, narrow, and radiolucent area visible below the roots of the mandibular molars is called the mandibular canal. This canal contains the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels that supply sensation and blood flow to the lower teeth and surrounding structures. It is an important anatomical landmark in dentistry and is often visible on dental radiographs.

The correct answer is a shielded open-ended cone because it provides maximum protection for the patient. By using a shielded cone, the x-ray beam is directed only towards the specific area of interest, minimizing unnecessary exposure to other parts of the body. The open-ended design allows for better visualization and positioning of the cone, ensuring accurate and precise imaging. The shielding material further reduces scatter radiation, protecting both the patient and the operator. Therefore, a shielded open-ended cone is the most effective option for maximizing patient safety during x-ray procedures.

If a film is exposed on the wrong side, it will result in a herringbone pattern. This pattern occurs when the light passes through the film emulsion in a way that creates a distinctive diagonal pattern resembling the bones of a herring. This happens because the light-sensitive emulsion on the wrong side of the film is not properly exposed, leading to this unique pattern rather than a clear image or no effect at all.

A material or substance that does not stop or absorb X-rays is known as radiolucent. This means that X-rays can pass through it easily, allowing for clear imaging of structures or objects behind the radiolucent material. Radiolucent materials are commonly used in medical imaging, such as X-rays or CT scans, to help visualize bones, organs, or other structures within the body.

A dental assistant may expose radiographs if it is permissible in the state he or she is employed. Different states have different regulations regarding the tasks that dental assistants are allowed to perform, including exposing radiographs. Therefore, it is important for dental assistants to be aware of and follow the regulations of the state they are employed in.

Vertical angulation in the bisecting technique for the same radiograph can differ in patients due to anatomic differences. Anatomic differences such as variations in the shape and position of the teeth, the height of the alveolar bone, and the position of the maxillary sinus can affect the vertical angulation required to obtain a proper image. Each patient may have unique anatomical features that need to be considered when positioning the X-ray tube and film to achieve accurate diagnostic images.

If a radiograph remains in the developing solution too long, the film will become darker. This is because the developing solution contains chemicals that react with the exposed silver halide crystals on the film, causing them to darken. If the film is left in the solution for an extended period of time, more of these crystals will be developed, resulting in a darker image. The film becoming lighter only if the temperature is increased is incorrect, as the temperature does not affect the development process in this scenario. The film being unaffected because time is not a factor is also incorrect, as the longer the film remains in the solution, the darker it will become.

Foreshortening is caused by too much vertical angulation. When the X-ray beam is directed at too steep of an angle, the image of the object being X-rayed appears shorter and distorted. This occurs because the X-ray beam is not perpendicular to the object, causing a foreshortened image. Adjusting the vertical angulation to the correct angle helps to produce a more accurate and undistorted image.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, which consists of particles called photons. Photons have no mass or charge, and they travel at the speed of light. When high-energy electrons collide with a metal target, they release photons with a very short wavelength, which are known as X-rays. Therefore, the correct answer is photons.

Fixing the film refers to the process of removing the unaffected silver salts from the film. This is done to prevent further development of the image and to stabilize the film. By removing the unaffected silver salts, the film is left with only the developed silver image, resulting in a clear and finalized photograph.

The correct answer is 2.75 - 3.0 inches. This range represents the size of the collimated beam for intraoral radiology when measured at the patient's skin. It indicates the diameter of the beam that is used to capture the radiographic image inside the patient's mouth. This specific range is commonly used in dental radiography to ensure that the entire area of interest is captured while minimizing unnecessary radiation exposure to surrounding tissues.

The occlusal plane of the maxillary arch should be parallel to the floor when being radiographed. This ensures that the image accurately represents the relationship between the upper teeth and the floor. If the occlusal plane is not parallel to the floor, it can distort the image and make it difficult to interpret. Therefore, it is important to position the patient's head and the radiographic equipment in a way that aligns the occlusal plane parallel to the floor for optimal results.

Placing a disposable plastic bag over the x-ray tubehead is an appropriate infection control procedure during x-ray exposure. This helps to prevent cross-contamination by creating a barrier between the x-ray tubehead and the patient's mouth or other body parts. The plastic bag can be easily disposed of after each use, ensuring a clean and sterile environment for each patient.

The thermometer used to measure the temperature of the processing solutions is located in the developer because the developer is a crucial part of the processing solutions. It is responsible for developing the film and requires a specific temperature range for optimal results. Therefore, it is important to monitor the temperature in the developer to ensure that it is within the desired range for proper film development.

Cone cutting occurs when the x-ray beam is not properly aligned with the center of the film. This misalignment can happen due to various reasons such as incorrect horizontal angulation, insufficient vertical angulation, or being eliminated from a closed plastic cone. When the x-ray beam is not aimed at the center of the film, it results in a portion of the image being cut off, leading to cone cutting.

X-rays are both beneficial and hazardous due to their ability to destroy tissue. On one hand, this characteristic allows them to be used in medical imaging to detect and diagnose various conditions. On the other hand, excessive exposure to x-rays can be harmful as they can damage and destroy healthy tissues, leading to potential health risks such as radiation burns, genetic mutations, and an increased risk of developing cancer. Therefore, while x-rays have significant medical benefits, their destructive nature necessitates careful and controlled usage to minimize potential harm.

The processing solutions should be changed every 3-4 weeks. This is because processing solutions can become contaminated over time, leading to reduced effectiveness and potential damage to the equipment. Changing the solutions regularly ensures optimal performance and maintains the quality of the processed materials.

Periapical films should extend beyond the occlusal plane by 1/8 inch. This is important because it allows for proper visualization of the apical portion of the tooth and surrounding structures. Extending the film beyond the occlusal plane ensures that the entire tooth and its root structure are captured in the radiograph, providing a comprehensive view for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Interproximal films are dental X-rays that capture the areas between the teeth. These films are commonly used to detect dental issues such as incipient caries (early stage cavities), crest of alveolar bone (the bone that holds the teeth in place), and recurrent decay under existing restorations (decay beneath dental fillings or crowns). However, they are not typically used to identify root tip fractures, as these fractures are better visualized using periapical or panoramic X-rays. Therefore, root tip fractures would be the exception in this case.

The U-shaped radiopaque structure often seen in maxillary molar films is called the zygoma.

The thin radiopaque band between the maxillary incisors is called the nasal septum. It is a structure made up of cartilage and bone that separates the left and right nasal cavities. The nasal septum helps to support the nose and maintain its shape.

After the final wash, radiographs can safely be exposed to light. This is because the final wash removes any remaining chemicals or residues from the development and fixing process, ensuring that the radiographs are fully processed and ready for exposure to light without any adverse effects.

As the target-film distance is increased, there is less distortion in the resulting image. This is because increasing the distance between the target and the film reduces the effect of perspective distortion, which is the distortion that occurs when objects closer to the camera appear larger than objects farther away. By increasing the distance, the perspective distortion is minimized, resulting in a more accurate representation of the object's proportions and shapes on the film.

The lamina dura is radiopaque because it appears as a dense white line on a dental radiograph. It is the thin, compact bone that lines the tooth socket and surrounds the roots of the teeth. The radiopacity of the lamina dura is due to its high mineral content, which makes it more resistant to X-ray penetration compared to other structures in the mouth. This radiopacity allows dentists to assess the health of the surrounding bone and detect any abnormalities or pathology.

When films are not fixed for a long enough period of time, they can develop a brown tint. This is because the fixing process in film development is crucial for removing any unexposed silver halide crystals from the film. If the film is not fixed properly or for a sufficient amount of time, these residual silver halide crystals can react with air and light, causing a brown discoloration. Therefore, films that are inadequately fixed will appear to have a brown tint.

A latent image refers to an image that is not immediately visible but is formed on a photographic film or paper when exposed to light. This image is created by energized silver halide crystals present in the film. These crystals are sensitive to light and get excited when exposed to it, forming a latent image that can be developed into a visible image through the process of chemical development.

Extraoral films are more sensitive to light than intraoral films because they are designed to be exposed outside of the mouth, where the light source is typically further away. Intraoral films, on the other hand, are designed to be placed inside the mouth and are therefore exposed to less intense light. This increased sensitivity to light in extraoral films allows for shorter exposure times and reduces the risk of overexposure.

If a properly processed film is left overnight in the water, it will be unchanged. This means that the film will not undergo any visible changes or damage when left in water for an extended period. The film's images will remain intact, and there will be no fading or discoloration.

The correct answer is 20-30 min. After the films are removed from the fixer, they need to be washed to remove any remaining chemicals. This washing process typically takes 20-30 minutes. This duration ensures that all the fixer solution is thoroughly rinsed off the films, leaving them clean and ready for further processing or drying. Washing for a shorter duration may not effectively remove all the fixer, while washing for a longer duration may not provide any additional benefits and may unnecessarily prolong the process.

The correct answer is "8-inch short cone must be used". The principle of paralleling technique in dental radiography involves positioning the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth, directing the x-ray source perpendicular to the tooth and film, and using a 16-inch extension or long cone. The use of an 8-inch short cone is not a part of the paralleling technique.

The radiopaque circular area below the apices of the mandibular incisors is called genial tubercles. Genial tubercles are small bony projections located on the lingual surface of the mandible. They serve as attachment points for various muscles and ligaments in the mouth. These tubercles can be seen on dental radiographs as small, round radiopaque areas below the roots of the mandibular incisors. They are a normal anatomical feature and are not indicative of any pathology or disease.

The correct answer is films coming in contact with fixing solution before the proper processing procedure. This is because the small white spots on the processed film indicate incomplete development, which can occur if the film comes in contact with the fixing solution before it has been properly processed. Fixing is the final step in film development, where the unexposed silver halide crystals are removed from the film. If the film is prematurely exposed to the fixing solution, it can result in incomplete fixing and the appearance of white spots on the film.

The small circular radiolucency near the roots of the mandibular premolars is called the mental foramen.

If an unexposed film is processed, it will appear clear because there was no exposure to light, resulting in no image being formed on the film. Without any image, the film remains transparent and clear.

The logical sequence for a full mouth survey of a patient with a complete dentition is to first examine the upper arch, then the lower arch, and finally take bitewing X-rays. This sequence allows for a systematic approach, starting from the top and moving down, ensuring that all areas of the mouth are thoroughly evaluated. The bitewing X-rays are typically taken last as they provide a detailed view of the interproximal areas between the teeth, which can be better assessed once the overall condition of the arches has been determined.

The term "symphysis" refers to the heavily radiopaque midpoint of the mandible. The mandibular symphysis is the area where the two halves of the mandible fuse together during development. It is a prominent landmark in the lower jaw and can be easily identified on radiographs due to its high radiopacity. The other options, zygoma, odontoma, and hamulus, do not describe the heavily radiopaque midpoint of the mandible.

The small circular radiolucency below the mandibular incisor roots is called the lingual foramen. This is a normal anatomical structure located on the lingual (tongue) side of the mandible. It is a small opening that allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves to supply the lingual tissues of the mandible.

In order for the developing solutions to work effectively, they must be basic. This is because basic solutions have a higher concentration of hydroxide ions, which helps in the development process. Basic solutions are also able to react with certain compounds and promote the desired chemical reactions. Therefore, a basic solution is necessary for the successful development of solutions.

The strength of the safelight permitted in the dark room depends on the secured lighting in the room. This means that the level of light in the room should be controlled and secure to prevent any unwanted exposure to the film. If the lighting is too strong, it can cause fogging or overexposure of the film, affecting the quality of the radiograph. Therefore, it is important to have a properly secured lighting system in the dark room to ensure accurate and clear radiographic images.

Insufficient vertical angulation refers to the incorrect positioning of the x-ray tube head in relation to the patient's anatomy. This results in the image being elongated vertically. If the vertical angulation is insufficient, the x-ray beam will be directed at a more horizontal angle, causing the image to appear stretched or elongated. This is why insufficient vertical angulation is the correct answer for the cause of elongation in radiographic images.

When the target-film distance is doubled, the intensity of the light reaching the film decreases by a factor of four (inverse square law). To compensate for this decrease in intensity, the exposure time needs to be increased by a factor of four. Therefore, the exposure time necessary to obtain a second film of equal density to the first film is fourfold.

When the distance from the source of x-rays is doubled, the intensity of the x-rays decreases by a factor of 1/4. This is because the intensity of x-rays is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. So, if the distance is doubled, the intensity will be 1/4 as great.

When taking a full mouth series of intraoral xrays, the sagittal plane of the patient's head should be perpendicular to the floor. This means that the patient's head should be positioned at a 90-degree angle to the floor, with the top of the head facing straight up and the chin pointing straight down. This positioning ensures that the x-rays capture the teeth and surrounding structures from a consistent and accurate perspective, allowing for proper diagnosis and treatment planning.

The best sequence for exposing maxillary radiographs is to start with the central incisors, followed by the right cuspid, and then the left cuspid. This sequence allows for a systematic approach, starting from the midline and moving towards the posterior teeth. By starting with the central incisors, the clinician can ensure that the most important and visually prominent teeth are captured first. Then, moving to the right cuspid and left cuspid allows for a balanced and symmetrical view of the maxillary arch.

Firm placement of the film will help prevent gagging. This means that when the film is securely positioned in the mouth, it reduces the likelihood of the patient experiencing a gag reflex. Gagging can be uncomfortable and can interfere with the dental procedure, so ensuring that the film is properly placed can help alleviate this issue for the patient.

The milliamperage controls the heating of the cathode. When the milliamperage is increased, more electrons are emitted from the cathode, resulting in increased heating of the cathode. This heating is necessary for the cathode to emit electrons and initiate the flow of current in the X-ray tube.

The lead foil in dental film is used to reduce film fogging. Film fogging occurs when stray radiation reaches the film and causes a hazy appearance. The lead foil acts as a barrier, preventing the stray radiation from reaching the film and thus reducing fogging. This ensures that the images produced on the dental film are clear and accurate for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Film is washed after removing it from the developing solution to stop the developing process. The developing solution contains chemicals that cause the image on the film to appear. By washing the film, any remaining developing solution is removed, preventing further chemical reactions and ensuring that the image does not continue to develop or become overexposed. This step is crucial in the film development process to ensure that the desired level of development is achieved and to prevent any unwanted changes to the image.

If films are left overnight in the fixer, they will be clear. The fixer is a chemical solution used in the development process of film photography. It is responsible for removing the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film, leaving only the developed image. If the films are left in the fixer for the recommended amount of time, they will be properly developed and clear.

A granuloma appears radiolucent because it is a mass of immune cells that forms in response to chronic inflammation. Radiolucent means that it allows X-rays to pass through easily, resulting in a darker appearance on an X-ray image. In contrast, a calculus, pulp stone, and cementoma are all radiopaque, meaning they appear lighter on an X-ray image because they block the passage of X-rays.

The ala-tragus line is an imaginary line that connects the ala of the nose to the tragus of the ear. It is used as a reference line in radiography to ensure proper positioning of the patient's head. When taking extraoral films, such as panoramic or cephalometric radiographs, the ala-tragus line should be parallel to the floor. This helps to ensure that the images are properly aligned and that anatomical structures are accurately represented. However, when taking mandibular occlusal films or maxillary and mandibular periapical films, the ala-tragus line is not relevant as these films are typically taken intraorally.

The correct answer is internal oblique ridge. The internal oblique ridge is a radiopaque line that is visible on a dental radiograph at the lower part of the roots of the mandibular molars. It runs diagonally from the distal aspect of the mandibular first molar to the mesial aspect of the mandibular third molar. This ridge serves as an attachment site for the mylohyoid muscle and can help in identifying the location and orientation of the mandibular molars on a radiograph.

The correct answer is to use the paralleling technique for this film. This technique involves placing the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth and using a beam alignment device to ensure accurate positioning. By using this technique, the narrow maxillary arch can be accommodated, allowing for better visualization of the premolar areas in the x-ray.

To visualize the two roots on the maxillary premolar, the central ray should be directed slightly from the mesial or distal surfaces. This is because the roots of the maxillary premolar are positioned diagonally, with one root closer to the mesial surface and the other closer to the distal surface. By angling the central ray slightly from the mesial or distal surfaces, it allows for better visualization of both roots on the radiograph.

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The large radiolucent area shown on maxillary molar radiographs is called the maxillary tuberosity.

Radiographs of edentulous portions of a patient's mouth should be exposed only on request of the patient. This is because edentulous areas refer to areas where teeth are missing, and taking radiographs in these areas may not provide any significant diagnostic information unless there is a specific concern or request from the patient. Routine exposure of radiographs in such cases may not be necessary and could expose the patient to unnecessary radiation. Therefore, it is best to take radiographs of edentulous areas only when requested by the patient.

Panoramic radiography uses a technique called horizontal curvature. This technique involves the use of a curved dental X-ray machine that rotates around the patient's head, capturing a full panoramic image of the teeth and surrounding structures. The curved shape of the machine allows for a more accurate and comprehensive image, as it follows the natural curvature of the dental arch. This technique is commonly used in dentistry to assess the overall oral health and detect any abnormalities or issues in the teeth and jawbone.