Do You Know About Cognition? Trivia Quiz

1. Participants are better able to remember material learned earlier if they are in the same state at the time of recall that they were in at the time of learning. In network terms, this reflects the fact that nodes for the target materials ________.

Are receiving activation from both the nodes representing the learned material and the nodes representing the participants’ state

Are associated indirectly only with the material that had been learned earlier

Have higher response thresholds in some states than in others

Probably have a low degree of fan

2. 4. Participants viewed a series of slides depicting an automobile accident. Immediately afterward, half of the participants were asked, “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” Other participants were asked, “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” One week later, all participants were asked more questions about the slides, including whether they had seen any broken glass in the slides. A comparison of the two groups of participants is likely to show that ________.

The groups gave similar estimates of speed, but the “smashed” group was more likely to remember seeing broken glass

The minor contrast in how the groups were questioned had no effect on participants’ memories

3. In Trial 18 of a sentence-verification task, participants see the sentence “A robin is a bird.” In Trial 42 they see “A penguin is a bird.” According to prototype theory, we should expect ________.

Faster responses to “robin” because participants more readily see the resemblance between “robin” and the bird prototype

Faster responses to “penguin” because penguins are a unique bird, thus easily identified

Faster responses to “robin” because of response priming

Faster responses to “penguin” because penguins are higher in typicality

4. The famous patient H.M. is unable to remember events he experienced after his brain surgery. The surgery apparently produced ________.

Anterograde amnesia

Repression

Retrograde amnesia

Infantile amnesia

5. Connectionist or parallel distributed processing (PDP) models differ from classic associative networks in that connectionism ________.

Employs distributed processes

Relies on a central executive to coordinate processing

Uses local representations rather than distributed representations

Draws mostly on serial processing

6. A great deal of forgetting may reflect a (perhaps temporary) inability to locate the target information in storage. This sort of forgetting is called ________.

Repression

Retrieval failure

Interference

State dependency

7. An important difference between categorization via exemplars and categorization via prototypes is that according to exemplar theory ________.

The standard used in a particular category can vary from one occasion to the next

One categorizes objects by comparing them to a mentally represented standard

Categorization depends on a judgment of resemblance

Categories are represented in the mind by a relatively concrete illustration of the category

8. In a memory network a connection tying two nodes together is called a(n)__________.

Associative link

Nodal highway

Axon

Memory tie

9. The claim that mental categories have graded membership is the claim that . .

One cannot specify precisely whether a test case is in the category

Some category members are better suited than others as category members

A participant’s belief about a category’s membership shifts as the participant learns more about the category

Many category members approach the ideal for that category

10. Information that is perceived as relevant to the self is better remembered. This is referred to as the _______.

Ego directive

Autobiographical perspective advantage

Self-reference effect

Self-importance law

11. Our “self-schema” is NOT likely to include ________.

Knowledge of how we spend our Tuesday nights

Ideas about our political beliefs when young

Accurate memories about poor grades

Our usual behaviors

12. Abigail saw the stimulus “all_____” and was asked to think of a word that began with these letters. This task is called:

A lexical decision

Word-stem completion

Semantic priming

Explicit memory

13. Categorization models based on family resemblance rely on ________.

The definition of each category

Feature overlap among the members of a category

The necessary conditions for membership in a category

The sufficient conditions for membership in a category

14. A node’s “response threshold” refers to ________.

The beginning moments of the node’s response

How strongly the node has to respond in order to influence other nodes

The level of activation that will cause the node to fire

The maximum rate at which the node will respond

15. When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g., “bed,” “rest,” “slumber,” “dream,” “tired”), participants often (mis)recall the theme word to be part of the list (e.g., “sleep”). This procedure is commonly referred to as the ________.

Disclusion–Recall–Memory procedure

Decreased-Remembering-Magniture procedure

Deese–Roediger–McDermott procedure

Daily-Reconstructing-Mnemonics procedure

16. The notion of associative networks is based on the general idea that memory connections are ________.

Hard to construct

Our memories

Sparse

Not really important

17. The text points out that plums and lawn mowers share many traits. This suggests that

There is a strong resemblance between plums and lawn mowers

Resemblance is not influenced by shared traits

In judging resemblance, we must determine which traits matter and which do not

Distinctive traits, not shared traits, determine resemblance judgments

18. The concept of “degree of fan” refers to ________.

The relationship between thoughts and concepts

The speed with which a node will respond to a given input

How many associative links radiate out from a node

The rate at which activation of a node returns to baseline levels

19. Which of the following is an advantage of a winner-takes-all system?

It allows the largest possible number of nodes to be activated.

It prevents stronger nodes from excessively inhibiting the input of weaker nodes.

It provides a selective mechanism so that distracting thoughts do not trigger other distracting thoughts.

It promotes activation of side-thoughts, which in turn promotes the discovery of novel associations.

20. The misinformation effect refers to the fact that false information, presented after a participant has encoded an event, can intrude into the participant’s subsequent recall of the event. This “planting” of memories _______.

Seems restricted to small memory errors

Is only possible if done by an authority figure

Seems possible for remembered actions but not remembered objects

Can occur outside of the laboratory

21. The term “basic-level category” refers to the ________.

Level of categorization regarded by most participants as indisputable

Most general level of categorization participants can think of

Most specific level of categorization participants can think of

Most natural level of categorization, neither too specific nor too general

22. In a sentence-verification task, participants respond to these two sentences: “A canary has feathers,” and “A canary is yellow.” We should predict faster response times to the second sentence because ________.

Participants are slowed by semantic ambiguity

Participants’ responses are faster to perceptual properties than to conceptual ones

Participants are faster in judging “isa” associations than they are in judging “hasa” associations

The property of having feathers is associated with the bird node, not the canary node