What Do You Know About Cognition? Trivia Quiz

Information in long-term memory can be retained for extended periods of time, ranging from days to weeks, months, and even years. Long-term memory is the storage system in our brain that allows us to retain and recall information over long periods. This type of memory is believed to have an unlimited capacity and can store a wide range of information such as facts, experiences, and skills. Therefore, the answer "many years" is correct as it accurately reflects the long-lasting nature of information stored in long-term memory.

Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. It involves transforming sensory inputs into a meaningful representation that can be stored and later retrieved. Therefore, encoding is the correct term used to describe how information gets into the memory system.

Long-term memory is the correct answer because it refers to the memory system that is used for the relatively permanent storage of meaningful information. Unlike sensory memory, which only holds information for a brief period of time, and short-term memory, which has a limited capacity and duration, long-term memory is capable of storing information for an extended period, potentially for a lifetime. Tactile memory is not a recognized term in psychology and is not relevant to the question.

State dependent learning refers to the phenomenon where memory retrieval is enhanced when an individual's internal state during encoding matches their internal state during retrieval. This means that if someone learns information while in a particular bodily state (such as being under the influence of a drug), they are more likely to remember that information when they are in a similar bodily state later on. This suggests that bodily states can serve as strong cues for memory retrieval.

The serial position effect refers to the tendency to better remember the first and last items in a list compared to the items in the middle. This phenomenon occurs because the first items are more likely to be stored in long-term memory through the process of primacy, while the last items are still fresh in short-term memory through the process of recency. The items in the middle, however, are more likely to be forgotten or overshadowed by other items, resulting in poorer recall.

The correct order for the three stages of memory is sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is the initial stage where information from the senses is briefly stored. This information then moves into short-term memory, where it is held temporarily and can be actively processed. If the information is rehearsed or deemed important, it can then be transferred to long-term memory, where it can be stored for a longer period of time. Therefore, the correct answer is sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

The process of holding information in memory is referred to as storage. This involves the retention of information over time, allowing it to be accessed and retrieved when needed. Storage is a crucial aspect of memory as it enables the preservation and maintenance of information for future use. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a format that can be stored and retrieved, retrieval is the process of accessing stored information, and organization involves arranging and categorizing information to facilitate storage and retrieval.

Long-term memory refers to the part of our memory system that stores information for an extended period. It is believed to have an almost infinite capacity, hence the term "limitless." Unlike short-term memory, which has a limited capacity, long-term memory can hold a vast amount of information, including facts, experiences, skills, and knowledge, without any known upper limit. This allows us to retain and recall a wide range of information throughout our lives, making the storage capacity of long-term memory best described as limitless.

The "magic number" represents the average number of "bits" of information that short-term memory can usually handle. The correct answer is seven. This means that on average, short-term memory can hold about seven chunks of information at a time. This concept was proposed by cognitive psychologist George Miller in his paper "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information."

Episodic memory refers to the ability to remember specific events or experiences that have occurred in the past. It involves recalling details such as time, place, emotions, and people involved. Out of the given options, "the accident you saw three weeks ago" is the only one that fits this definition. The other options are either mathematical calculations or general knowledge facts, which do not involve personal experiences or events. Therefore, the accident witnessed three weeks ago is the only option that can be considered an episodic memory.

Essay questions tend to be more difficult than multiple choice because they require recall rather than recognition. In multiple choice questions, the answer options are provided and the test-taker only needs to recognize the correct answer. However, in essay questions, the test-taker needs to actively recall information from memory and express it in a coherent manner. This requires a deeper level of understanding and engagement with the material, making essay questions more challenging.

Chunking is the process of organizing information into larger units, which helps improve the efficiency of short-term memory. By grouping individual pieces of information together, such as numbers or letters, into meaningful chunks, it becomes easier to remember and recall them. This technique allows individuals to process and store more information in their short-term memory, enhancing their ability to retain and manipulate information effectively. Categorization, verbal labeling, and symbolization are not specifically related to improving the efficiency of short-term memory.

Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall specific events or experiences that have occurred in the past, including personal experiences such as birthdays. It involves the conscious recollection of details and is associated with autobiographical memory. Semantic memory, on the other hand, refers to general knowledge and facts about the world. Retroactive memory refers to the interference of new information with the recall of old information. Short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information for immediate use.

A multiple-choice question makes the greatest use of recognition memory because it requires the individual to recognize the correct answer among a set of options. In this type of memory, the person is able to identify information that has been previously encountered or learned. In the case of a multiple-choice question, the individual must recognize which answer option is correct based on their memory of the subject matter.

In sensory register, things that are heard are held as brief echoes. Sensory register is the initial stage of memory where information from the environment is briefly stored before being processed further. The term "echo" in this context refers to the auditory representation of a sound that is briefly stored in the sensory register before fading away. It is a temporary and fleeting memory trace that allows us to retain auditory information for a very short period of time.

State-dependent learning refers to the phenomenon where the memory retrieval is enhanced when the individual is in the same bodily state or physiological condition as they were during the initial encoding or learning phase. This means that the context in which the information was learned plays a crucial role in the ability to retrieve that information later. Therefore, the correct answer is state-dependent learning.

Semantic memory refers to the long-term memory of general knowledge and facts about the world. It includes information about concepts, categories, and relationships between different pieces of information. The sixteenth president would be considered a semantic memory because it is a factual piece of knowledge about a historical figure. The other options, such as your first car, your third job, and the accident you saw three weeks ago, are more likely to be classified as episodic memories, which are personal experiences and events.

The correct answer is "bilingualism." Bilingualism refers to the ability to speak two languages fluently.

Decay refers to the fading of memory traces from short-term memory. This means that over time, if information is not rehearsed or used, it gradually becomes less accessible and eventually forgotten. Decay theory suggests that forgetting occurs due to the natural decay or weakening of the neural connections that hold information in short-term memory. This explanation aligns with the concept that memory traces fade away over time if they are not actively maintained or reinforced.

The correct answer is semantic memory. This is because the general knowledge section of an intelligence test for adults typically assesses a person's ability to recall and understand facts, concepts, and information that they have learned throughout their lives. Semantic memory refers to the long-term memory system that stores general knowledge and concepts about the world, including facts, meanings, and categories. It allows individuals to remember and understand information without any personal context or specific experiences associated with it.

Working memory is a cognitive system responsible for temporarily storing and manipulating information needed for tasks such as problem-solving and decision-making. It is closely associated with short-term memory, which refers to the temporary storage of information that is actively being processed. Unlike long-term memory, which stores information for an extended period, working memory is limited in capacity and duration. Therefore, the correct answer is short-term memory.

Retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to remember events that occurred before an accident or injury to the head. This condition is characterized by a loss of memory for past experiences, making it difficult for individuals to recall events that happened prior to the accident. Prograde amnesia, on the other hand, refers to the inability to form new memories after the accident. Motivated forgetting and cognitive blockage are not specific terms used to describe memory loss related to head injuries.

Framing refers to the way a question is presented or worded before problem solving begins. It involves the use of specific language or context to influence the way individuals perceive or interpret the question. This can greatly impact the decision-making process and the ultimate outcome of the problem-solving task.

Explicit memory refers to memories that a person is aware of having and can consciously retrieve. This type of memory involves consciously recalling specific events, facts, or experiences. Implicit memory, on the other hand, refers to memories that are not consciously retrieved but still influence behavior or thought. Priming refers to the activation of certain associations in memory, which can influence subsequent behavior. Eidetic imagery, also known as photographic memory, is the ability to vividly recall images or visual information with great detail. Therefore, the correct answer is explicit memory.

Phonemes are the basic speech sounds that make up language. They are the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word. Morphemes, on the other hand, are the smallest meaningful units of language, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words. Syllables are units of sound that consist of a vowel sound and any accompanying consonant sounds. Syntax refers to the rules and structure of language. Therefore, the correct answer is phonemes, as they are the basic speech sounds.

Sensory memory is the type of memory that lasts for only a second or two. It is the initial stage of memory processing, where information from the senses is briefly held before it is either transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. This type of memory allows us to briefly retain information from our environment, such as a visual image or a sound, before it fades away. Short-term memory, on the other hand, can hold information for a longer duration, typically up to 30 seconds. Eidetic memory refers to the ability to vividly recall images or sounds with great detail, and long-term memory is the type of memory that can last for a lifetime.

Divergent thinking is usually associated with creativity because it involves generating multiple ideas or solutions to a problem. It is a process of thinking that encourages unique and original ideas, allowing for a wide range of possibilities and perspectives. This type of thinking is often associated with brainstorming and creative problem-solving, as it encourages individuals to think outside the box and explore unconventional ideas.

The given question asks for the rules that govern the order of words in sentences. Grammar is a broad term that encompasses various aspects of language, including syntax, but it is not specific to the ordering of words. Semantic differential refers to a technique used in psychology to measure the meaning of words. Heuristics are problem-solving strategies. Therefore, the correct answer is syntax, which specifically refers to the rules governing word order in sentences.

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of speech. They are the building blocks of words and carry meaning on their own. Phonemes, on the other hand, are the smallest units of sound in a language. Pheromones are chemical substances used for communication in animals. Concepts refer to abstract ideas or mental representations. Therefore, the correct answer is morphemes.

Semantic memory refers to our general knowledge and understanding of facts, concepts, and meanings. It is the memory system that allows us to remember historical facts. Episodic memory, on the other hand, is responsible for remembering specific events or episodes from our personal experiences, such as what we had for breakfast this morning. Therefore, the analogy suggests that memories of historical facts are to semantic memory, as memories of breakfast are to episodic memory.

Recoding, chunking, and rehearsal are cognitive strategies that can enhance short-term memory efficiency. Recoding involves reorganizing information into smaller, more manageable units, while chunking involves grouping information into meaningful chunks. Rehearsal refers to the process of repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory. These strategies help to maximize the limited capacity of short-term memory, allowing for better retention and recall of information in the short-term. Therefore, they are especially important for improving short-term memory efficiency.

An icon refers to the visual representation or image that lingers in our perception for a short period of time after the original stimulus is removed. This persistence of the image is known as an afterimage, which is a characteristic of iconic memory. Sensation refers to the initial process of detecting and encoding sensory information, while an echo is a repeated sound. An illusion refers to a false perception or misinterpretation of sensory information. Therefore, the most appropriate term to describe the image that persists for a short duration is an icon.

Ebbinghaus is known for his work on memory and forgetting. He conducted experiments where he memorized nonsense syllables and plotted a curve of forgetting, which showed the rate at which information is forgotten over time. Luria, Mnemonic, and Loftus are not specifically known for this type of research.

The Ebbinghaus curve of forgetting shows that the forgetting process is most rapid immediately after learning. This means that the information we learn tends to be forgotten quickly in the initial stages after learning it. As time passes, the rate of forgetting slows down. Therefore, the correct answer is immediately after learning.

The given correct answer is "representativeness heuristic." This is because the representativeness heuristic refers to the tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype or typical example. In this case, the tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories is a form of relying on prototypes or stereotypes as a basis for decision-making, which aligns with the concept of the representativeness heuristic.

The given answer, "Relearning," is the best explanation for the scenario described. It suggests that when students have to revisit a foreign language they previously learned, they find it easier the second time around. This implies that they have to relearn the language, which involves refreshing their memory and reacquiring the knowledge and skills associated with it. This process of relearning allows them to pick up the language more easily than when they initially learned it.

According to the interference theory of forgetting, new learning can inhibit the retrieval of stored memory, and vice-versa. This means that when we learn new information, it can interfere with our ability to recall previously learned information, and vice versa. This interference can occur because the new and old information may be similar or because they compete for the same cognitive resources. As a result, the retrieval of stored memories can be inhibited, leading to forgetting.

Proactive interference refers to the phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information. This means that the prior learning hinders the ability to retrieve or remember the later learning. It occurs when older memories or knowledge disrupt the formation or retrieval of new memories. This can happen when the information is similar or when there is a strong association between the old and new information, making it difficult to distinguish or recall the new information accurately.

Syntax refers to the rules and principles that govern how words are combined to form grammatically correct sentences in a language. It involves the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses to convey meaning. Structural semantics is not the correct answer as it refers to the study of the meaning of words and how they combine to form larger units of meaning. Allophonetics is the study of the variations in pronunciation of phonemes, and phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language. Therefore, the correct answer is syntax.

Ignoring the base rate refers to the tendency to overlook general statistical information or probabilities in favor of specific, individual information. In this case, the person is concerned about health but continues to smoke cigarettes, ignoring the well-known fact that smoking is harmful to health and carries a high risk of various diseases. By disregarding the base rate information about the dangers of smoking, the person is making an error in judgment.

Heuristics are problem solving strategies that reduce the number of alternatives. This means that instead of considering all possible options, heuristics help narrow down the choices to a more manageable number. By doing so, heuristics can make problem solving more efficient and effective by focusing on the most likely or promising alternatives.

The given question asks for the term that describes consciously forcing painful or anxiety-producing thoughts from memory. The correct answer is "suppression." Suppression refers to the deliberate act of pushing unwanted thoughts or emotions out of conscious awareness. It involves actively avoiding or ignoring these thoughts rather than repressing or unconsciously forgetting them. Therefore, suppression is the most appropriate term for this process.

The correct answer is "a capacity for insight." This is because the psychologist Wolfgang Köhler believed that the solution of a multiple-stick problem in chimpanzees demonstrated their ability to have sudden and spontaneous understanding or insight into the problem. This suggests that chimpanzees have the cognitive capacity to solve problems in a way that is not solely guided by reinforcement or trial-and-error learning, but rather through a deeper understanding of the problem and the ability to generate a solution based on that understanding.

Declarative memory refers to the part of long-term memory that contains factual information. It includes knowledge about specific events (episodic memory) as well as general knowledge and concepts (semantic memory). This type of memory allows us to recall and state facts, such as historical events, mathematical formulas, or vocabulary definitions. Procedural memory, on the other hand, involves remembering how to perform certain tasks or skills. Therefore, the correct answer is Declarative memory.

Retroactive Amnesia occurs when new learning interferes with the ability to recall past information. This means that the newly learned information disrupts the retrieval of previously stored memories. It is important to note that the correct answer is actually a typographical error, as the correct spelling should be "Retroactive Amnesia."