CLEP Introductory Psychology (Quiz 1)

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1. Lucy washes her hands every time she touches anything someone else has touched. She also runs dishes through the dishwasher several times in succession before putting them away. Which psychological disorder does Lucy have?

Explanation

Lucy's behavior of washing her hands every time she touches something someone else has touched and running dishes through the dishwasher multiple times before putting them away indicates an obsession with cleanliness and a compulsion to perform repetitive actions. This aligns with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing harm. Therefore, Lucy's symptoms are consistent with OCD.

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CLEP Introductory Psychology (Quiz 1) - Quiz

This CLEP Introductory Psychology Quiz 1 assesses understanding of various psychological approaches, research methods, and the impact of behavior. It's designed for learners to evaluate functionalism, biological influences,... see morebehavioral factors, and research strategies in psychology. see less

2. Bill, who's depressed, recently succeeded in getting a job he very much wanted. A cognitive therapist would want Bill to attribute his success to

Explanation

A cognitive therapist would want Bill to attribute his success to Bill's own talent and ability because this would help build his self-esteem and confidence. By recognizing his own capabilities, Bill can develop a positive self-image and believe in his own abilities to overcome challenges in the future. This attribution also promotes a sense of personal control and responsibility, empowering Bill to take charge of his own life and make positive changes.

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3. Which of the following strategies should work best when studying for a test that's two weeks away?

Explanation

Studying for an hour every day for two weeks is the best strategy when preparing for a test that is two weeks away. This approach allows for consistent and regular review of the material over a longer period of time, which enhances memory retention and understanding. By distributing the study sessions evenly throughout the two-week period, the information is more likely to be retained in long-term memory, leading to better performance on the test.

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4. Larry often feels nervous and anxious, but he doesn't know why. Occasionally, his heart will start pounding for no apparent reason and he'll break out in a cold sweat. Which disorder does Larry have?

Explanation

Larry is experiencing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry and anxiety about various aspects of life, often without a specific cause. Larry's feelings of nervousness, anxiety, and physical symptoms like a pounding heart and cold sweat align with the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Bipolar disorder involves periods of depression and mania, phobia involves specific fears, dissociative identity disorder involves multiple distinct identities, and conversion disorder involves physical symptoms without a medical explanation.

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5. Bob gets a dollar for every magazine subscription he sells. What type of operant-conditioning consequence is maintaining Bob's selling?

Explanation

The correct answer is positive reinforcement because Bob receives a reward (a dollar) for every magazine subscription he sells. This reward serves as a consequence that increases the likelihood of Bob continuing to sell subscriptions in the future. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a desirable stimulus to strengthen a behavior.

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6. Fixed and unlearned patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an entire species are called

Explanation

Fixed and unlearned patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an entire species are called instincts. Instincts are innate behaviors that are present in all members of a species and are essential for their survival and reproduction. These behaviors are not learned or acquired through experience, but are instead genetically programmed. Instincts can include behaviors such as migration, nest-building, and hunting, which are performed without the need for conscious thought or reasoning. They are crucial for the survival and adaptation of a species in its environment.

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7. Tina wants desperately for her therapist to tell her that he'll take care of her and make sure she's always alright. These are things she wanted from her father, too, but was never able to tell him. Tina's feelings illustrate

Explanation

Tina's strong desire for her therapist to provide care and ensure her well-being reflects the concept of transference. Transference refers to the unconscious redirection of feelings and desires from one person to another, often based on past experiences and relationships. In this case, Tina's unfulfilled needs from her father are being projected onto her therapist, as she hopes he can provide the care and support she longed for in her childhood. This demonstrates how transference can influence and shape therapeutic relationships.

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8. A researcher sits at a table in a restaurant all day and records what customers in adjoining booths are saying and doing. What type of research strategy is this?

Explanation

This research strategy is called naturalistic observation because the researcher is observing and recording the behavior of customers in a real-life setting, without manipulating any variables or intervening in any way. The researcher is simply observing and documenting the natural behavior of the customers in the restaurant.

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9. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving

Explanation

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable attacks of intense sleepiness. People with narcolepsy experience sudden and overwhelming episodes of sleepiness during the day, which can occur at any time and in any situation. These attacks are often accompanied by a loss of muscle control, known as cataplexy, where individuals may experience temporary paralysis or weakness in their muscles. This excessive sleepiness can greatly impact daily functioning and can be dangerous, especially if it occurs while driving or operating machinery.

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10. The simplest cell of the nervous system is a

Explanation

A neuron is the simplest cell of the nervous system because it is responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. It consists of three main parts: the dendrites, which receive signals from other neurons; the soma, or cell body, which contains the nucleus and other essential components; and the axon, which transmits signals to other neurons or cells. Terminal buttons are located at the end of the axon and release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system and play a crucial role in processing and transmitting information.

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11. High school kids often believe that their own high school is better than any of the neighboring high schools. This illustrates

Explanation

The given scenario of high school kids believing that their own high school is better than neighboring high schools demonstrates in-group bias. In-group bias refers to the tendency of individuals to favor their own group over others. In this case, the high school kids identify themselves as part of their own school group and exhibit a biased perception that their school is superior to others. This bias can lead to a sense of loyalty, pride, and even prejudice towards other schools, highlighting the concept of in-group bias.

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12. The emotional bond that infants feel toward caregivers is to

Explanation

Attachment refers to the emotional bond that infants develop with their caregivers. This bond is crucial for the infant's emotional and social development. It involves seeking proximity to the caregiver, feeling secure and safe in their presence, and seeking comfort from them when needed. Attachment is a natural and instinctive process that helps infants form a secure base from which they can explore the world and develop healthy relationships later in life. Sensitization, accommodation, imprinting, and an operation do not accurately describe the emotional bond between infants and caregivers.

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13. "Nature" is to "nurture" as ________ is to _______.

Explanation

The analogy "Nature" is to "nurture" refers to the debate of whether a person's traits and behavior are determined by genetics (nature) or influenced by their environment and experiences (nurture). Similarly, the analogy "genetics" is to "environment" suggests that just as genetics plays a role in shaping an individual, the environment in which they are raised and live also has a significant impact on their development and behavior.

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14. The fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away is referred to as

Explanation

Linear perspective refers to the phenomenon where parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away. This is a visual cue that helps us perceive depth and distance in a scene. The converging lines create an illusion of depth and give the impression of distance in a two-dimensional image or scene. This concept is commonly used in art and architecture to create a sense of depth and realism.

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15. A circadian rhythm is

Explanation

A circadian rhythm refers to any pattern of biological functioning that occurs over a 24-hour cycle. This includes various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, body temperature regulation, and metabolism. These rhythms are influenced by external cues such as light and darkness and help regulate our internal body clock. The other options in the question, such as the body's reaction to changes in phases of the moon or shifting from one stage of sleep to another, do not accurately describe the concept of circadian rhythm.

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16. Which of the following approaches is used by a psychologist who emphasizes the power of rewards and punishments to influence behavior?

Explanation

A psychologist who emphasizes the power of rewards and punishments to influence behavior is likely to follow the behavioral approach. This approach focuses on how external stimuli, such as rewards and punishments, shape and control behavior. It emphasizes the importance of observable behavior and believes that behavior can be learned and modified through conditioning.

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17. All of the following are considered "Big Five" personality traits EXCEPT

Explanation

Cathexis is not considered one of the "Big Five" personality traits. The Big Five traits are neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Cathexis refers to the investment of emotional energy in an object or person, and is not included in the Big Five model of personality.

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18. When our behavior is inconsistent with our attitudes or values, we feel a tension called

Explanation

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort or tension that arises when there is a discrepancy between our attitudes or values and our behavior. This inconsistency creates a psychological discomfort, and we are motivated to reduce it by either changing our behavior or adjusting our attitudes. In this case, when our behavior does not align with our attitudes or values, we experience cognitive dissonance, which is the tension mentioned in the question.

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19. In a famous study, college freshmen were paired randomly with someone of the opposite sex for a "Welcome Week" dance. What determined most whether individuals liked the person with whom they were paired?

Explanation

The study found that the most determining factor for individuals liking the person they were paired with was physical attractiveness. This suggests that people are more likely to develop positive feelings towards someone who they find physically attractive. Other factors such as religious beliefs, major, and place of origin were not found to have as strong of an influence on liking. Intelligence similarity was not mentioned as a factor in the question.

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20. A need is

Explanation

A need refers to a physiological condition that triggers motivation. This means that when an individual experiences a certain physiological state, such as hunger or thirst, it creates a motivation or drive to fulfill that need. This motivation then leads to behavior aimed at satisfying the need and returning the individual to a state of equilibrium. This explanation aligns with the understanding that needs are internal states that prompt individuals to take action to fulfill them.

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21. Archie has been working at a car wash in Chicago for a month. He has a number of documents that say his real name is Luther Hunt and that he lives in Pittsburgh, has a wife and two kids, and has a job as a stockbroker. Archie remembers none of this. Which disorder does Archie have?

Explanation

Dissociative fugue is a disorder characterized by sudden and unexpected travel away from home, accompanied by an inability to recall one's past and confusion about personal identity. In Archie's case, he has no recollection of his real name, personal details, or past life, indicating a dissociative fugue. This disorder is different from other options such as narcissistic personality, bipolar, anti-social personality, or schizophrenia, as they do not involve sudden memory loss or confusion about personal identity.

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22. The refractory period of the sexual response cycle

Explanation

The refractory period of the sexual response cycle refers to the time period following a male's orgasm during which he cannot be aroused to another orgasm. This period is characterized by a temporary loss of sexual arousal and the inability to achieve another orgasm. During this time, the male's body needs a period of recovery before it can respond to sexual stimulation again. This refractory period can vary in duration, ranging from a few minutes to several hours, depending on the individual.

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23. Which of the following sequences of prenatal developmental stages is correct?

Explanation

The correct sequence of prenatal developmental stages is zygote, embryo, fetus. This is because after fertilization, the zygote is formed, which then undergoes cell division and development to become an embryo. As the embryo continues to grow and develop, it eventually becomes a fetus. Therefore, the correct order is zygote, embryo, fetus.

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24. According to Erikson, the primary task of adolescence is to

Explanation

During adolescence, individuals go through a process of self-discovery and exploration, trying to understand who they are and what they want to become. This process involves forming a sense of identity, which includes developing a clear understanding of one's values, beliefs, and goals. Developing an identity is a crucial task during this stage as it helps adolescents establish a sense of self and prepares them for adulthood. It involves exploring different roles, values, and beliefs, and making choices that align with their authentic self.

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25. Dave's mother occasionally has outbursts of uncontrollable behavior, but usually sits motionless in a chair. Dave once tried to help his mother feed herself by lifting her hand up to her mouth, but when he let go her hand remained in mid-air. Which form of schizophrenia does Dave's mother have?

Explanation

Based on the information provided, Dave's mother exhibits symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia. Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by periods of immobility or stupor, as well as unusual motor behaviors such as holding a position for an extended period of time. Dave's mother's inability to move her hand after he let go suggests a catatonic symptom known as waxy flexibility, where the person's body remains in a position it is placed in.

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26. Having a patient relax as much as possible and say whatever comes into his or her mind is central to the technique of

Explanation

Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis where patients are encouraged to freely express their thoughts, feelings, and memories without censorship or judgment. This technique aims to uncover unconscious conflicts and desires that may be contributing to psychological distress. By allowing patients to relax and say whatever comes to their mind, free association helps to reveal hidden thoughts and emotions that may be influencing their behavior and mental well-being. This technique is central to psychoanalytic therapy and the exploration of the unconscious mind.

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27. Lori is 10 years old and has done as well on an intelligence test as the average 8-year-old. As originally calculated for the Stanford-Binet, what would Lori's IQ be?

Explanation

Based on the information provided, Lori is 10 years old but has performed at the same level as an average 8-year-old on the intelligence test. The Stanford-Binet IQ test calculates a person's IQ by comparing their mental age to their chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. In this case, since Lori's mental age is equivalent to that of an 8-year-old, her IQ would be calculated as (8/10) * 100 = 80.

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28. Which chemicals are responsible for the "runner's high" and important for controlling pleasure/pain properties?

Explanation

Endorphins are the chemicals responsible for the "runner's high" and play an important role in controlling pleasure and pain properties. Endorphins are neurotransmitters that are released during exercise, stress, and other activities, creating feelings of euphoria and reducing pain perception. They bind to opioid receptors in the brain, similar to the way opioids like morphine do, producing analgesic and mood-enhancing effects. This natural high can contribute to the positive feelings and sense of well-being experienced by runners and other athletes during intense physical activity.

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29. Relatively unique patterns of behavior are

Explanation

Traits refer to relatively unique patterns of behavior that are consistent across different situations and over time. They are enduring characteristics that influence how individuals think, feel, and behave. Traits can encompass a wide range of behaviors, such as being outgoing, conscientious, or neurotic. These patterns of behavior are relatively unique to each individual and can help to predict how they will respond in various situations.

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30. A first-grade teacher gives his students gold stars when they read on their own during classroom "free time." When they get 10 stars, they can spend their free time playing outside. What technique for behavior change is this teacher using?

Explanation

The teacher is using a token economy as a technique for behavior change. In this system, the gold stars act as tokens that the students can accumulate and exchange for a desired reward, which in this case is playing outside during free time. This method reinforces the behavior of reading on their own and motivates the students to engage in the desired behavior in order to earn the tokens.

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31. Among humans, the sleep cycle repeats itself every

Explanation

The sleep cycle among humans repeats itself every 90 minutes. During each cycle, a person goes through different stages of sleep, including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. These stages have different functions and play a crucial role in restorative and restful sleep. The 90-minute duration is significant because it allows for multiple cycles of these stages throughout the night, ensuring a healthy and balanced sleep pattern.

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32. Vera, Chuck, and Dave all think Paul is a relatively nice person. After talking together about why they think Paul is nice, though, they've all decided that Paul is so nice that he's one of the nicest person's on the planet. What is this phenomenon called?

Explanation

Group polarization refers to the phenomenon where a group's initial inclination towards a particular opinion or belief becomes more extreme after discussing it as a group. In this scenario, Vera, Chuck, and Dave initially believed that Paul is a relatively nice person. However, after discussing their thoughts together, they have collectively concluded that Paul is one of the nicest persons on the planet. This shift towards a more extreme opinion is an example of group polarization.

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33. By which process is stimulus energy converted into neural messages?

Explanation

Transduction is the process by which stimulus energy is converted into neural messages. This process occurs in the sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, and skin, where sensory receptors detect stimuli and convert them into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Transduction is essential for perception as it allows the brain to receive and interpret information from the environment.

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34. Which of the following approaches is used by a psychologist who studies depression by examining levels of a certain neurotransmitter in the brains of depressed and non-depressed people?

Explanation

A psychologist who studies depression by examining levels of a certain neurotransmitter in the brains of depressed and non-depressed people is using a biological approach. This approach focuses on understanding psychological phenomena by examining the biological processes and factors that contribute to them. By studying neurotransmitter levels in the brains of depressed and non-depressed individuals, the psychologist is investigating the biological basis of depression and how it may be related to imbalances or abnormalities in neurotransmitter function.

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35. Which therapeutic approach focuses on clients discovering their own ways to resolve their issues?

Explanation

Client-centered therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, is an approach that emphasizes the importance of the client taking an active role in their own therapy. The therapist provides a supportive and non-judgmental environment where the client can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The focus is on helping the client gain insight and discover their own solutions to their problems, rather than the therapist providing direct advice or interpretation. This approach is based on the belief that individuals have the capacity for self-growth and self-healing.

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36. Individualistic cultures are likely to promote

Explanation

Individualistic cultures prioritize personal freedom and autonomy, which often leads to a higher value placed on non-conformity. In such cultures, individuals are encouraged to express their unique opinions, ideas, and behaviors, rather than conforming to societal norms or group expectations. Non-conformity allows for the exploration of diverse perspectives and encourages innovation and individuality. It is seen as a way to assert one's independence and differentiate oneself from the group, which aligns with the values of individualistic cultures.

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37. Achievement tests

Explanation

Achievement tests are designed to measure the skills or knowledge that an individual has already learned. These tests assess the level of understanding and proficiency a person has acquired in a specific subject or area. Unlike tests that measure intelligence or potential, achievement tests focus on evaluating what an individual has already accomplished. They provide a way to gauge someone's level of expertise or mastery in a particular domain, making them useful tools for educational institutions, employers, and researchers to assess individuals' abilities and qualifications.

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38. Social facilitation involves

Explanation

Social facilitation refers to the phenomenon where an individual performs better at a task when others are present. This can be attributed to the presence of an audience or the mere presence of others, which increases arousal and enhances performance on well-learned or simple tasks. The theory suggests that the presence of others can lead to increased motivation and a heightened state of alertness, resulting in improved performance. However, it is important to note that this effect may not occur for complex or unfamiliar tasks, where the presence of others can lead to anxiety and hinder performance.

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39. An aptitude test that is supposed to measure how well people will do in sales and marketing jobs successfully predicts how well those who take it will do as real estate agents. This test has a high degree of

Explanation

The given scenario states that an aptitude test designed for sales and marketing jobs accurately predicts the performance of individuals as real estate agents. This indicates that the test has predictive validity. Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a test accurately predicts future performance or outcomes. In this case, the test's ability to successfully predict the performance of individuals in a different job role demonstrates its predictive validity.

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40. Three-year-old Tim, who sees lots of horses on his family's farm, saw a zebra at the zoo and thought it was a horse. Which of the cognitive processes described by Piaget does this illustrate?

Explanation

This scenario illustrates the cognitive process of assimilation. Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas or mental representations. In this case, Tim already has a schema for horses based on his experiences on the farm. When he sees the zebra at the zoo, he tries to fit this new information into his existing schema by thinking that the zebra is a horse. This demonstrates how Tim is assimilating the new information of the zebra into his pre-existing knowledge of horses.

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41. When given a list of words to remember, older adults

Explanation

Older adults tend to have difficulty recalling words from a list compared to younger adults, as indicated by the statement "recall fewer." However, they are still able to recognize the same number of words as younger adults, as stated by "recognize just as many." This suggests that while older adults may struggle with retrieving information from memory, their ability to recognize familiar words remains intact.

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42. Wally is 30 years old and lives at home with his parents. He frequently take money out of his mother's purse, has killed the neighbor's cat for coming into his yard, and shoots at passing cars with a BB gun. He doesn't feel badly about any of this. Which personality disorder does Wally have?

Explanation

Wally's behavior of frequently taking money from his mother's purse, killing the neighbor's cat, and shooting at passing cars with a BB gun without feeling remorse or guilt indicates a lack of empathy and disregard for the rights and feelings of others. This aligns with the characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder, which is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

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43. The most commonly occurring score in a distribution of scores is called

Explanation

The most commonly occurring score in a distribution of scores is called the mode. The mode represents the value that appears most frequently in the dataset. It can be useful in determining the most typical or representative value in a set of data. Unlike the mean or median, the mode does not consider the actual values of the data, but rather focuses on the frequency of occurrence.

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44. Which of the following greatly speeds up the transmission of signals through a neuron?

Explanation

A myelin sheath greatly speeds up the transmission of signals through a neuron. The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron, acting as an insulator. It helps to prevent signal loss and allows the electrical impulses to travel more efficiently and rapidly along the axon. This increases the speed at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another, enhancing overall neural communication.

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45. The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time it's presented is called

Explanation

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time it's presented is called the absolute threshold. This refers to the lowest level of intensity or magnitude at which a stimulus can be detected by an individual. It is the point at which the stimulus becomes perceptible to the person, indicating the boundary between not perceiving the stimulus and perceiving it.

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46. As a general rule, performance at a task is best when arousal is

Explanation

Performance at a task is best when arousal is moderate. This is because moderate arousal levels help individuals to be alert, focused, and motivated, which can enhance their performance. When arousal is too low, individuals may lack energy and motivation, leading to suboptimal performance. On the other hand, when arousal is too high, individuals may become overly anxious or stressed, which can negatively impact their performance. Therefore, maintaining a moderate level of arousal is generally considered to be ideal for achieving optimal performance in tasks.

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47. The knowledge and verbal skills that one has acquired over one's life are referred to as

Explanation

Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and verbal skills that one has acquired throughout their life. It represents the accumulation of facts, information, and experiences that are stored in long-term memory and can be accessed and utilized in problem-solving tasks. This type of intelligence is based on learning, education, and cultural exposure, and it tends to increase with age. It is different from fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations.

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48. Systematic desensitization would involve

Explanation

Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique used to treat anxiety disorders. It involves gradually exposing the client to anxiety-provoking situations while simultaneously teaching them relaxation techniques. By associating relaxation with anxiety-arousing situations, the client learns to replace their fear response with a relaxation response. This helps them become desensitized to the anxiety triggers over time and reduces their overall anxiety levels.

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49. Each person who completed a 14-item personality test is given a total score for ratings of odd-numbered items, as well as a total score for even-numbered items. The correlation between those two sets of scores is then computed. This procedure would be used to assess

Explanation

The given procedure of computing the correlation between the total scores for odd-numbered items and even-numbered items is used to assess split-half reliability. Split-half reliability is a measure of internal consistency, which examines the extent to which different parts of a test yield similar results. By splitting the test into two halves and comparing the scores of the odd and even items, it is possible to determine if the test consistently measures the same construct. A high correlation between the two sets of scores indicates good split-half reliability, suggesting that the test is internally consistent and reliable.

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50. If someone is awake, has his or her eyes closed, and is in a relaxed state, an EEG would most likely indicate the presence of

Explanation

When someone is awake but has their eyes closed and is in a relaxed state, an EEG would most likely indicate the presence of alpha waves. Alpha waves are a type of brain wave that occur when a person is awake but in a relaxed state, such as during meditation or daydreaming. They are characterized by a frequency of 8-13 Hz and are typically seen in the posterior regions of the brain. Alpha waves are associated with a calm and relaxed mental state, and their presence on an EEG indicates that the person is awake but not actively engaged in mental or physical activity.

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51. A child saying "doll" while holding her hand out, as if expecting to be given the doll, would be an example of

Explanation

Telegraphic speech refers to the stage of language development where a child starts using short and simple phrases to convey their message. In this example, the child saying "doll" while holding her hand out indicates that she wants the doll, but she is not using a complete sentence or grammatical structure. This behavior is characteristic of telegraphic speech, where children use only essential words to express their needs or desires.

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52. A researcher wants to know whether failure at a task causes aggression. As part of her study, some subjects are told they have failed at a task, whereas others are told they have succeeded. Failing or not at the task would be

Explanation

In this study, the researcher is manipulating the variable of whether the subjects have failed or succeeded at a task. This manipulation is done intentionally by the researcher, making it the independent variable. The independent variable is the factor that is being tested or manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable, which in this case would be aggression. Therefore, failing or not at the task is the independent variable in this study.

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53. Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her. What type of learning does this illustrate?

Explanation

This scenario illustrates classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus (Anita's clothes with cat fur) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (cat fur) that elicits an unconditioned response (Wally's violent sneezing). Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (Wally's violent sneezing) even without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus. In this case, Wally's sneezing response has been conditioned to be triggered by the sight of Anita's clothes with cat fur.

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54. Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her. If, after the learning took place, Anita began to show up at Wally's without cat fur on her clothes, Wally's learned response would

Explanation

If Anita began to show up at Wally's without cat fur on her clothes, Wally's learned response of sneezing violently would gradually decrease and eventually stop. This is because the absence of cat fur on Anita's clothes would no longer trigger the allergic reaction in Wally. The learned response would be extinguished as Wally no longer associates seeing Anita with the presence of cat fur, which is the stimulus that originally caused his sneezing.

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55. Which type of cell allows us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

Explanation

Cones are the type of cells in the retina that allow us to distinguish different wavelengths of light. They are responsible for color vision and are most sensitive to red, green, and blue light. Cones are concentrated in the central part of the retina, called the fovea, which is responsible for detailed and high-resolution vision. In contrast, rods are responsible for vision in low light conditions, while ganglion cells and bipolar cells are involved in transmitting visual information to the brain. Auditory cells, on the other hand, are related to hearing and not vision.

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56. Lori has a glass of wine when she comes home every night because it relieves her unpleasant feelings of stress. Which operant-conditioning technique is maintaining Lori's drinking?

Explanation

Lori's drinking is being maintained by negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. In this case, Lori's drinking is relieving her unpleasant feelings of stress, which serves as a negative reinforcement for her behavior.

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57. From Carl Roger's humanistic perspective, the most important aspect of personality is

Explanation

Carl Rogers, a prominent figure in humanistic psychology, emphasized the concept of the self as the most important aspect of personality. According to Rogers, the self is the core of an individual's being and encompasses their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves. It includes their self-concept, which is their perception of their own abilities, values, and worth. Rogers believed that individuals strive for self-actualization, a process of becoming their true, authentic selves. By focusing on the self, Rogers emphasized the importance of personal growth, self-acceptance, and self-understanding in developing a healthy and fulfilling personality.

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58. Sally stopped hitting her brother when she saw a girl on a television show hit someone and then get in trouble for it. What type of learning on Sally's part does this illustrate?

Explanation

This scenario illustrates vicarious learning, which is learning by observing the consequences of others' actions. Sally stopped hitting her brother after seeing a girl on a television show get in trouble for hitting someone. Sally learned from this observation and realized that hitting someone leads to negative consequences. Therefore, she changed her behavior based on the consequences she witnessed in someone else's actions.

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59. After meeting Dave at a party, you decide he is shy. At several subsequent meetings, though, Dave is very outgoing. The idea that you're likely to continue believing Dave to be shy is called

Explanation

Belief perseverance refers to the tendency to cling to initial beliefs even when presented with contradictory evidence. In this scenario, despite observing Dave's outgoing behavior in subsequent meetings, the individual still holds onto their initial belief that Dave is shy. This demonstrates belief perseverance as they continue to maintain their original belief despite new information that contradicts it.

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60. Remembering how to get from your house to a friend's house, without consciously knowing how to do it, is an example of

Explanation

Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic recall of information or skills that have been previously learned or experienced. In this scenario, remembering how to get from your house to a friend's house without consciously knowing how to do it suggests that this memory is stored in implicit memory. This type of memory is often associated with procedural or motor skills and does not require conscious effort to retrieve.

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61. According to psychoanalytical theory, the part of your personality that steers you toward socially acceptable behavior, even if it doesn't satisfy any needs, is called

Explanation

According to psychoanalytical theory, the superego is the part of your personality that steers you toward socially acceptable behavior, even if it doesn't satisfy any needs. It acts as a moral compass, representing the internalized ideals and values of society. The superego is responsible for regulating and controlling the impulses of the id, which operates on the pleasure principle, and balancing them with the demands of the reality principle, represented by the ego. The self-concept refers to an individual's perception and understanding of themselves, which is not directly related to the concept of the superego.

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62. Allison's parents fight constantly. They're loud and violent, and Allison hates it. One day she woke up to find that she could no longer hear. Which disorder does Allison have?

Explanation

Allison's sudden loss of hearing can be explained by conversion disorder. Conversion disorder is a condition where a person experiences physical symptoms, such as loss of hearing, that cannot be explained by any underlying medical condition. It is believed that these symptoms are a way for the individual to cope with emotional distress or psychological conflicts. In Allison's case, her inability to hear may be a manifestation of her intense dislike and distress caused by her parents' constant fighting.

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63. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates teaching style in order to measure its effects on test scores for a biology class. It turns out that the average test score among subjects in the experimental group was 81 and the average score for subjects in the control group was 75. If that 6-point difference between those two groups were "statistically significant," what would that mean?

Explanation

The statement suggests that the 6-point difference between the experimental group and the control group is not likely to occur by chance. This implies that the manipulation of teaching style had an impact on the test scores, as the difference in scores between the two groups is significant.

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64. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

Explanation

The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. In this case, the answer of -.81 represents the strongest negative relationship between the two variables. This means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease. The magnitude of -.81 indicates a strong negative correlation, suggesting a high degree of consistency in the relationship between the variables.

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65. The Somatic Nervous System is part of the

Explanation

The Somatic Nervous System is responsible for voluntary movements and sensory information processing. It controls the skeletal muscles and receives sensory information from the external environment. It is considered part of the peripheral nervous system because it is not involved in the internal regulation of bodily functions, which is the role of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which are responsible for involuntary processes such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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66. A rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems is called a(n)

Explanation

A rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems is called a heuristic. A heuristic is a mental shortcut or a simplified strategy that helps in making decisions or solving problems more efficiently. It is a practical approach that may not always guarantee an optimal solution but is often used when there is limited time or resources available. Unlike an algorithm, which follows a specific set of steps to reach a solution, a heuristic allows for flexibility and creativity in problem-solving.

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67. The nervous system's ability to detect and encode energy from stimuli is called

Explanation

The nervous system's ability to detect and encode energy from stimuli is known as sensation. Sensation refers to the process of receiving information through our senses, such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. It involves the initial detection of a stimulus and the transmission of that information to the brain. Sensation is the first step in the process of perception, where the brain interprets and makes sense of the sensory information received.

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68. Lucy whines when she doesn't get her way. Last Monday, her mother refused to give in to her whining for five minutes before finally giving Lucy what she was demanding. On Tuesday, her mother resisted for 10 minutes before giving in. On Wednesday, she resisted for 20 minutes. Lucy is being taught to whine for longer and longer periods of time through

Explanation

Shaping is the correct answer because it involves gradually reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. In this scenario, Lucy's whining behavior is being reinforced by her mother giving in to her demands after a certain amount of time. This reinforcement is shaping Lucy's behavior to whine for longer periods of time in order to get what she wants.

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69. Which of these people is most likely to be prescribed Thorazine?

Explanation

Gilda, who suffers from delusions of persecution, is most likely to be prescribed Thorazine. Thorazine is an antipsychotic medication commonly used to treat symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions and hallucinations. It helps to reduce the intensity of these symptoms and improve overall functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders. Since Gilda experiences delusions of persecution, which are a type of psychotic symptom, she is the most likely candidate to be prescribed Thorazine.

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70. Veronica is strongly in favor of serving liquor at the campus cafeteria. As part of a class debate on the topic, though, she freely generates arguments against serving liquor at the cafeteria. According to cognitive dissonance theory,

Explanation

According to cognitive dissonance theory, when someone holds two conflicting beliefs or attitudes, they experience psychological discomfort or dissonance. In order to reduce this discomfort, they may change one of their beliefs or attitudes to be more consistent with the other. In this case, Veronica is strongly in favor of serving liquor at the cafeteria, but she freely generates arguments against it during the class debate. This creates a conflict between her belief and her arguments. To reduce this cognitive dissonance, Veronica is likely to change her attitude and become less in favor of serving liquor at the cafeteria.

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71. Which of the following areas of the brain, located at the top of the spinal cord, regulates breathing, waking, and heartbeat?

Explanation

The medulla is the correct answer because it is a part of the brainstem located at the top of the spinal cord. It is responsible for regulating essential functions such as breathing, waking, and heartbeat. The medulla contains centers that control the rate and depth of breathing, as well as the coordination of respiratory muscles. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall homeostasis by regulating heart rate and blood pressure.

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72. The site in the auditory cortex located where acoustical codes are decoded and interpreted is known as

Explanation

Wernicke's area is the site in the auditory cortex where acoustical codes are decoded and interpreted. This area is responsible for language comprehension and understanding spoken words. It is involved in the processing of auditory information and plays a crucial role in the production and understanding of speech. Damage to Wernicke's area can result in language disorders such as Wernicke's aphasia, where individuals have difficulty understanding and producing meaningful speech.

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73. Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her. In this example, sneezing would be

Explanation

In this example, sneezing is an unconditioned response because it is a natural, involuntary reaction that Wally has to cat fur. It is also a conditioned response because Wally has associated seeing Anita with cat fur, causing him to sneeze even without direct exposure to the fur. Therefore, sneezing is both an unconditioned response and a conditioned response in this scenario.

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74. The period during which the neuron cannot fire is described as which of the following?

Explanation

The period during which the neuron cannot fire is known as the absolute refractory period. This is a brief period of time after a neuron has fired an action potential, during which it is unable to generate another action potential. This is due to the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels that are responsible for initiating the action potential. During this time, the neuron is unable to respond to any additional stimuli, ensuring that the action potentials are properly separated and allowing for proper signaling in the nervous system.

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75. Homer loves his wife deeply, but he also can't stand the fact that she leaves their car dirty whenever she drives it and he wants to tell her about his anger. According to the pyschoanalytic theory, which part of Homer's personality can help him resolve the conflict between loving his wife and being angry at her?

Explanation

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego is the part of Homer's personality that can help him resolve the conflict between loving his wife and being angry at her. The ego is responsible for mediating between the id (which represents Homer's impulsive desires and anger) and the superego (which represents societal norms and values, including his love for his wife). The ego can help Homer find a balance between expressing his anger about the dirty car in a constructive way that does not harm his relationship with his wife.

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76. Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her. In this example, cat fur would be a(n)

Explanation

In this example, cat fur is the unconditional stimulus because it is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers Wally's allergic reaction of violent sneezing. The unconditional stimulus is the stimulus that elicits an unlearned response, in this case, the allergic reaction.

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77. After having three cups of strong coffee, you find that you're more angry than usual after being cut off in traffic, but you're also more scared than you would otherwise be when you hear someone walking behind you. Which theory of emotion explains why?

Explanation

The Two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. In this scenario, the strong coffee acts as a physiological arousal, increasing the person's overall arousal level. This heightened arousal then influences their emotional response to different situations. Being cut off in traffic triggers anger because the person's arousal level is already high, amplifying their emotional reaction. Similarly, hearing someone walking behind them triggers fear because the heightened arousal makes them more sensitive to potential threats.

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78. Multiple-personality is a rare form of which category of psychological disorders?

Explanation

Multiple-personality is a rare form of dissociative psychological disorder. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception. Multiple-personality, also known as dissociative identity disorder, is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that take control of an individual's behavior. These different personalities may have their own memories, attitudes, and behaviors, and the person may experience gaps in memory or identity confusion.

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79. A child's ability to recognize speech sounds that aren't used in the language begins to disappear during which stage of launguage development?

Explanation

During the babbling stage of language development, a child's ability to recognize speech sounds that aren't used in the language begins to disappear. This is because as the child becomes more exposed to the specific sounds and patterns of their native language, they start to focus on and reproduce only those sounds that are relevant to their language. This narrowing of speech sound recognition is a natural part of language acquisition and helps the child become more proficient in their native language.

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80. Age being confounded with cohort will necessarily be a problem for which type of study?

Explanation

Age being confounded with cohort will necessarily be a problem for cross-sectional studies. In cross-sectional studies, data is collected from different individuals at a single point in time. Age and cohort are often related, as individuals of the same age are likely to belong to the same cohort. Therefore, if age is confounded with cohort, it becomes difficult to determine whether any observed differences are due to age or cohort effects. This confounding can undermine the validity and reliability of the study's findings.

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81. Laura is an outgoing woman, so she goes to lots of social events. Being at social events, she's encouraged by others to be outgoing. This pattern of expressing a trait and then having its expression reinforced by others, illustrates

Explanation

Reciprocal determinism refers to the interaction between a person's behavior, the environment, and personal factors. In this scenario, Laura's outgoing nature leads her to attend social events, and at these events, she receives encouragement from others to continue being outgoing. This interaction between Laura's behavior and the social environment demonstrates reciprocal determinism, as her behavior is influenced by the environment, and her behavior also influences the environment through the reinforcement she receives.

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82. Karen insisted that her boyfriend was late getting to her house because he never pays attention to what time it is. Karen's explanation of her boyfriend's behavior is an example of

Explanation

Karen's explanation of her boyfriend's behavior as him never paying attention to what time it is suggests that she is attributing his lateness to his personal characteristics or disposition. This means that she believes his lateness is a result of his inherent traits or tendencies, rather than external factors or circumstances.

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83. The idea that the behavior of people who are hypnotized is controlled by normal, conscious processes is part of the theory that says hypnosis entails

Explanation

The idea that the behavior of people who are hypnotized is controlled by normal, conscious processes suggests that hypnosis entails role playing. This means that individuals who are hypnotized are consciously acting out the suggestions given to them by the hypnotist, rather than being in a trance-like state or experiencing any physiological changes. This theory implies that hypnosis is more of a social phenomenon where individuals willingly participate and engage in the suggested behaviors.

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84. The fundamental attribution error refers to the fact that people tend to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by

Explanation

The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency of people to underestimate the influence of situational factors on others' behavior. This means that individuals often attribute behavior to internal factors, such as personality traits or abilities, rather than considering the impact of the situation. In other words, people are more likely to assume that someone's behavior is a result of their inherent qualities rather than considering the external circumstances that may have influenced their actions.

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85. During which stage of sleep are hynogogic sensations most likely to occur?

Explanation

During stage 1 of sleep, hynogogic sensations are most likely to occur. This stage is the transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, where the brain produces alpha and theta waves. Hynogogic sensations refer to the brief, dream-like experiences that can happen as we are falling asleep, such as feeling like we are falling or hearing a loud noise. These sensations are often attributed to the brain's transition from wakefulness to sleep and can be accompanied by muscle twitches or jerks known as hypnic jerks.

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86. Which of the following is involved in classical conditioning and operant conditioning, respectively?

Explanation

Classical conditioning involves stimulus-stimulus pairings, where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. On the other hand, operant conditioning involves stimulus-response pairings, where a behavior is followed by a consequence, either reinforcement or punishment, to increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.

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87. The reticular formation

Explanation

The reticular formation is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal and consciousness. It receives sensory information from various parts of the body and relays it to the cerebral cortex, helping to control the level of alertness and wakefulness. It filters out irrelevant stimuli and allows us to focus on important sensory inputs. Therefore, the statement "helps control arousal" accurately describes the function of the reticular formation.

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88. Tina has a box of CDs that's twice as heavy as Gary's. Tina's box would have to have eight more CDs in it before it would feel heavier, whereas Gary's would have to have only foud more CDs in it in order for it to feel heavier. This illustrates

Explanation

Weber's Law states that the just noticeable difference (JND) between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli. In this scenario, Tina's box would have to have eight more CDs in order for it to feel heavier, while Gary's box would only need four more CDs to feel heavier. This illustrates Weber's Law because the JND for Tina is greater than the JND for Gary, indicating that the increase in weight needed for Tina to perceive a difference is larger than the increase needed for Gary.

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89. Jeff won money in the state lottery after buying five tickets, then after buying six more tickets, then four more tickets (that is, after every fifth ticket, on average). Which reinforcement schedule maintains Jeff's ticket-buying behavior?

Explanation

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule maintains Jeff's ticket-buying behavior. This schedule provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of ticket purchases. Jeff won money after buying five tickets, then six more tickets, and then four more tickets, which shows that the reinforcement is not based on a fixed number of tickets. The variable ratio schedule is known to be highly resistant to extinction, meaning that Jeff is likely to continue buying tickets in the hope of winning again, as he doesn't know exactly when the next reinforcement will occur.

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90. Which of the following is a binocular cue for perceiving distance?

Explanation

Convergence is a binocular cue for perceiving distance because it refers to the inward turning of our eyes when we focus on nearby objects. When an object is close to us, our eyes need to converge more in order to focus on it, and the brain uses this information to perceive depth and distance. Therefore, convergence helps us judge how far away an object is from us.

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91. Charlie felt good about getting a C on his physics test until he found out that the average grade was a B. This change in the intensity of Charlie's happiness illustrates

Explanation

The relative-deprivation principle suggests that individuals' happiness is influenced by their perception of how they compare to others. In this scenario, Charlie initially felt good about his C grade because he was comparing it to his own expectations or previous performance. However, when he found out that the average grade was a B, his perception of his own performance changed, leading to a decrease in his happiness. This change in intensity of happiness aligns with the concept of the relative-deprivation principle.

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92. Which of the following is the philosophical approach to studying human behavior that emphasizes the purpose or usefulness of behavior?

Explanation

Functionalism is the philosophical approach to studying human behavior that emphasizes the purpose or usefulness of behavior. It focuses on understanding how mental processes and behaviors contribute to an individual's adaptation and survival in their environment. Functionalists believe that behavior serves a purpose and that understanding these purposes can provide insights into human behavior and mental processes.

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93. Neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons through chemicals released from their

Explanation

Neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons through chemicals released from their terminal buttons. Terminal buttons are small structures at the end of the neuron's axon that release neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that transmit signals to other cells. When a neuron receives an electrical impulse, it travels down the axon to the terminal buttons where neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, the small gap between the neurons. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the neighboring cells, allowing the signal to be transmitted and stimulate the target cells.

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94. When a series of lights on a movie marquee are turned on and off, one after the other, in succession, it appears that a single light is moving around the marquee. This illustrates

Explanation

The phi phenomenon refers to the illusion of movement created by rapidly turning on and off a series of lights in succession. This phenomenon tricks our perception into perceiving a single light moving around the marquee, even though it is actually just a series of lights turning on and off.

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95. If Darlene plays basketball as a way to vent her angry impluses in a socially acceptable way, which defense mechanism is she using?

Explanation

Darlene is using the defense mechanism of sublimation. Sublimation involves channeling unacceptable impulses or emotions into socially acceptable activities. In this case, Darlene is redirecting her angry impulses into playing basketball, which is a socially acceptable way for her to release her anger.

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96. Which of the following illustrates that our behavior can change our attitudes?

Explanation

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon illustrates that our behavior can change our attitudes. This phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to comply with a large request after first agreeing to a smaller request. By initially agreeing to a small request, individuals may start to adopt a new attitude or belief that aligns with their behavior. This change in attitude is a result of the cognitive dissonance experienced when there is a mismatch between one's behavior and attitude.

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97. Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups ensures that

Explanation

Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups ensures that prior to the experimental manipulation, the two groups of subjects would be equivalent with respect to the dependent variable. This means that any differences observed between the groups after the manipulation can be attributed to the independent variable and not pre-existing differences between the groups. Random assignment helps to control for confounding variables and increases the internal validity of the study by reducing bias and increasing the likelihood that any observed effects are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

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98. After Samantha's father squashes the trash in the garbage can so that it takes up less space, Samantha thinks he's made the trash disappear. According to Piaget, why does she think so?

Explanation

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) are not yet able to conserve mass. This means they do not understand that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes. Samantha's belief that the trash has disappeared after her father squashes it can be attributed to her inability to understand conservation of mass. She hasn't yet developed the cognitive ability to realize that the amount of trash remains the same despite its change in appearance.

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99. A cashier gave Ken $10 too much in change, but Ken gave it back because he was afraid he might get caught and punished if he tried to keep it. Ken is in which of Kohlberg's moral stages?

Explanation

Ken's decision to give back the extra money out of fear of getting caught and punished indicates that he is in the pre-conventional stage of Kohlberg's moral development. In this stage, individuals make decisions based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards. Ken's decision is driven by his concern for the consequences of his actions rather than any internalized moral principles or consideration for others.

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100. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,

Explanation

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, one must be aware of one's physiological arousal in order to experience emotion. This theory proposes that our emotions are a result of our physiological responses to stimuli. In other words, when we experience a physiological response (such as increased heart rate or sweaty palms), we interpret it as an emotion. Therefore, being aware of our physiological arousal is necessary for us to have an emotional experience, according to this theory.

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A circadian rhythm is
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A need is
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The refractory period of the sexual response cycle
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Relatively unique patterns of behavior are
A first-grade teacher gives his students gold stars when they read on...
Among humans, the sleep cycle repeats itself every
Vera, Chuck, and Dave all think Paul is a relatively nice person....
By which process is stimulus energy converted into neural messages?
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Individualistic cultures are likely to promote
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When given a list of words to remember, older adults
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The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time...
As a general rule, performance at a task is best when arousal is
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Systematic desensitization would involve
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Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita...
Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita...
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Lori has a glass of wine when she comes home every night because it...
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According to psychoanalytical theory, the part of your personality...
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In an experiment, the researcher manipulates teaching style in order...
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the...
The Somatic Nervous System is part of the
A rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems is called a(n)
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Which of these people is most likely to be prescribed Thorazine?
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The site in the auditory cortex located where acoustical codes are...
Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita...
The period during which the neuron cannot fire is described as which...
Homer loves his wife deeply, but he also can't stand the fact that...
Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita...
After having three cups of strong coffee, you find that you're...
Multiple-personality is a rare form of which category of psychological...
A child's ability to recognize speech sounds that aren't used...
Age being confounded with cohort will necessarily be a problem for...
Laura is an outgoing woman, so she goes to lots of social events....
Karen insisted that her boyfriend was late getting to her house...
The idea that the behavior of people who are hypnotized is controlled...
The fundamental attribution error refers to the fact that people tend...
During which stage of sleep are hynogogic sensations most likely to...
Which of the following is involved in classical conditioning and...
The reticular formation
Tina has a box of CDs that's twice as heavy as Gary's....
Jeff won money in the state lottery after buying five tickets, then...
Which of the following is a binocular cue for perceiving distance?
Charlie felt good about getting a C on his physics test until he found...
Which of the following is the philosophical approach to studying human...
Neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons through...
When a series of lights on a movie marquee are turned on and off, one...
If Darlene plays basketball as a way to vent her angry impluses in a...
Which of the following illustrates that our behavior can change our...
Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups...
After Samantha's father squashes the trash in the garbage can so...
A cashier gave Ken $10 too much in change, but Ken gave it back...
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,
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