CLEP Introductory Psychology (Quiz 1)

Lucy's behavior of washing her hands every time she touches something someone else has touched and running dishes through the dishwasher multiple times before putting them away indicates an obsession with cleanliness and a compulsion to perform repetitive actions. This aligns with the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing harm. Therefore, Lucy's symptoms are consistent with OCD.

A cognitive therapist would want Bill to attribute his success to Bill's own talent and ability because this would help build his self-esteem and confidence. By recognizing his own capabilities, Bill can develop a positive self-image and believe in his own abilities to overcome challenges in the future. This attribution also promotes a sense of personal control and responsibility, empowering Bill to take charge of his own life and make positive changes.

Studying for an hour every day for two weeks is the best strategy when preparing for a test that is two weeks away. This approach allows for consistent and regular review of the material over a longer period of time, which enhances memory retention and understanding. By distributing the study sessions evenly throughout the two-week period, the information is more likely to be retained in long-term memory, leading to better performance on the test.

Larry is experiencing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry and anxiety about various aspects of life, often without a specific cause. Larry's feelings of nervousness, anxiety, and physical symptoms like a pounding heart and cold sweat align with the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Bipolar disorder involves periods of depression and mania, phobia involves specific fears, dissociative identity disorder involves multiple distinct identities, and conversion disorder involves physical symptoms without a medical explanation.

The correct answer is positive reinforcement because Bob receives a reward (a dollar) for every magazine subscription he sells. This reward serves as a consequence that increases the likelihood of Bob continuing to sell subscriptions in the future. Positive reinforcement involves the addition of a desirable stimulus to strengthen a behavior.

This research strategy is called naturalistic observation because the researcher is observing and recording the behavior of customers in a real-life setting, without manipulating any variables or intervening in any way. The researcher is simply observing and documenting the natural behavior of the customers in the restaurant.

Fixed and unlearned patterns of behavior that are characteristic of an entire species are called instincts. Instincts are innate behaviors that are present in all members of a species and are essential for their survival and reproduction. These behaviors are not learned or acquired through experience, but are instead genetically programmed. Instincts can include behaviors such as migration, nest-building, and hunting, which are performed without the need for conscious thought or reasoning. They are crucial for the survival and adaptation of a species in its environment.

Tina's strong desire for her therapist to provide care and ensure her well-being reflects the concept of transference. Transference refers to the unconscious redirection of feelings and desires from one person to another, often based on past experiences and relationships. In this case, Tina's unfulfilled needs from her father are being projected onto her therapist, as she hopes he can provide the care and support she longed for in her childhood. This demonstrates how transference can influence and shape therapeutic relationships.

A neuron is the simplest cell of the nervous system because it is responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. It consists of three main parts: the dendrites, which receive signals from other neurons; the soma, or cell body, which contains the nucleus and other essential components; and the axon, which transmits signals to other neurons or cells. Terminal buttons are located at the end of the axon and release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system and play a crucial role in processing and transmitting information.

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable attacks of intense sleepiness. People with narcolepsy experience sudden and overwhelming episodes of sleepiness during the day, which can occur at any time and in any situation. These attacks are often accompanied by a loss of muscle control, known as cataplexy, where individuals may experience temporary paralysis or weakness in their muscles. This excessive sleepiness can greatly impact daily functioning and can be dangerous, especially if it occurs while driving or operating machinery.

The given scenario of high school kids believing that their own high school is better than neighboring high schools demonstrates in-group bias. In-group bias refers to the tendency of individuals to favor their own group over others. In this case, the high school kids identify themselves as part of their own school group and exhibit a biased perception that their school is superior to others. This bias can lead to a sense of loyalty, pride, and even prejudice towards other schools, highlighting the concept of in-group bias.

A circadian rhythm refers to any pattern of biological functioning that occurs over a 24-hour cycle. This includes various physiological processes such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, body temperature regulation, and metabolism. These rhythms are influenced by external cues such as light and darkness and help regulate our internal body clock. The other options in the question, such as the body's reaction to changes in phases of the moon or shifting from one stage of sleep to another, do not accurately describe the concept of circadian rhythm.

Attachment refers to the emotional bond that infants develop with their caregivers. This bond is crucial for the infant's emotional and social development. It involves seeking proximity to the caregiver, feeling secure and safe in their presence, and seeking comfort from them when needed. Attachment is a natural and instinctive process that helps infants form a secure base from which they can explore the world and develop healthy relationships later in life. Sensitization, accommodation, imprinting, and an operation do not accurately describe the emotional bond between infants and caregivers.

The analogy "Nature" is to "nurture" refers to the debate of whether a person's traits and behavior are determined by genetics (nature) or influenced by their environment and experiences (nurture). Similarly, the analogy "genetics" is to "environment" suggests that just as genetics plays a role in shaping an individual, the environment in which they are raised and live also has a significant impact on their development and behavior.

Linear perspective refers to the phenomenon where parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away. This is a visual cue that helps us perceive depth and distance in a scene. The converging lines create an illusion of depth and give the impression of distance in a two-dimensional image or scene. This concept is commonly used in art and architecture to create a sense of depth and realism.

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort or tension that arises when there is a discrepancy between our attitudes or values and our behavior. This inconsistency creates a psychological discomfort, and we are motivated to reduce it by either changing our behavior or adjusting our attitudes. In this case, when our behavior does not align with our attitudes or values, we experience cognitive dissonance, which is the tension mentioned in the question.

A psychologist who emphasizes the power of rewards and punishments to influence behavior is likely to follow the behavioral approach. This approach focuses on how external stimuli, such as rewards and punishments, shape and control behavior. It emphasizes the importance of observable behavior and believes that behavior can be learned and modified through conditioning.

A need refers to a physiological condition that triggers motivation. This means that when an individual experiences a certain physiological state, such as hunger or thirst, it creates a motivation or drive to fulfill that need. This motivation then leads to behavior aimed at satisfying the need and returning the individual to a state of equilibrium. This explanation aligns with the understanding that needs are internal states that prompt individuals to take action to fulfill them.

Cathexis is not considered one of the "Big Five" personality traits. The Big Five traits are neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Cathexis refers to the investment of emotional energy in an object or person, and is not included in the Big Five model of personality.

The study found that the most determining factor for individuals liking the person they were paired with was physical attractiveness. This suggests that people are more likely to develop positive feelings towards someone who they find physically attractive. Other factors such as religious beliefs, major, and place of origin were not found to have as strong of an influence on liking. Intelligence similarity was not mentioned as a factor in the question.

The refractory period of the sexual response cycle refers to the time period following a male's orgasm during which he cannot be aroused to another orgasm. This period is characterized by a temporary loss of sexual arousal and the inability to achieve another orgasm. During this time, the male's body needs a period of recovery before it can respond to sexual stimulation again. This refractory period can vary in duration, ranging from a few minutes to several hours, depending on the individual.

Dissociative fugue is a disorder characterized by sudden and unexpected travel away from home, accompanied by an inability to recall one's past and confusion about personal identity. In Archie's case, he has no recollection of his real name, personal details, or past life, indicating a dissociative fugue. This disorder is different from other options such as narcissistic personality, bipolar, anti-social personality, or schizophrenia, as they do not involve sudden memory loss or confusion about personal identity.

Based on the information provided, Dave's mother exhibits symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia. Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by periods of immobility or stupor, as well as unusual motor behaviors such as holding a position for an extended period of time. Dave's mother's inability to move her hand after he let go suggests a catatonic symptom known as waxy flexibility, where the person's body remains in a position it is placed in.

The correct sequence of prenatal developmental stages is zygote, embryo, fetus. This is because after fertilization, the zygote is formed, which then undergoes cell division and development to become an embryo. As the embryo continues to grow and develop, it eventually becomes a fetus. Therefore, the correct order is zygote, embryo, fetus.

During adolescence, individuals go through a process of self-discovery and exploration, trying to understand who they are and what they want to become. This process involves forming a sense of identity, which includes developing a clear understanding of one's values, beliefs, and goals. Developing an identity is a crucial task during this stage as it helps adolescents establish a sense of self and prepares them for adulthood. It involves exploring different roles, values, and beliefs, and making choices that align with their authentic self.

Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis where patients are encouraged to freely express their thoughts, feelings, and memories without censorship or judgment. This technique aims to uncover unconscious conflicts and desires that may be contributing to psychological distress. By allowing patients to relax and say whatever comes to their mind, free association helps to reveal hidden thoughts and emotions that may be influencing their behavior and mental well-being. This technique is central to psychoanalytic therapy and the exploration of the unconscious mind.

Based on the information provided, Lori is 10 years old but has performed at the same level as an average 8-year-old on the intelligence test. The Stanford-Binet IQ test calculates a person's IQ by comparing their mental age to their chronological age and multiplying the result by 100. In this case, since Lori's mental age is equivalent to that of an 8-year-old, her IQ would be calculated as (8/10) * 100 = 80.

Traits refer to relatively unique patterns of behavior that are consistent across different situations and over time. They are enduring characteristics that influence how individuals think, feel, and behave. Traits can encompass a wide range of behaviors, such as being outgoing, conscientious, or neurotic. These patterns of behavior are relatively unique to each individual and can help to predict how they will respond in various situations.

Endorphins are the chemicals responsible for the "runner's high" and play an important role in controlling pleasure and pain properties. Endorphins are neurotransmitters that are released during exercise, stress, and other activities, creating feelings of euphoria and reducing pain perception. They bind to opioid receptors in the brain, similar to the way opioids like morphine do, producing analgesic and mood-enhancing effects. This natural high can contribute to the positive feelings and sense of well-being experienced by runners and other athletes during intense physical activity.

The teacher is using a token economy as a technique for behavior change. In this system, the gold stars act as tokens that the students can accumulate and exchange for a desired reward, which in this case is playing outside during free time. This method reinforces the behavior of reading on their own and motivates the students to engage in the desired behavior in order to earn the tokens.

The sleep cycle among humans repeats itself every 90 minutes. During each cycle, a person goes through different stages of sleep, including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. These stages have different functions and play a crucial role in restorative and restful sleep. The 90-minute duration is significant because it allows for multiple cycles of these stages throughout the night, ensuring a healthy and balanced sleep pattern.

Group polarization refers to the phenomenon where a group's initial inclination towards a particular opinion or belief becomes more extreme after discussing it as a group. In this scenario, Vera, Chuck, and Dave initially believed that Paul is a relatively nice person. However, after discussing their thoughts together, they have collectively concluded that Paul is one of the nicest persons on the planet. This shift towards a more extreme opinion is an example of group polarization.

Transduction is the process by which stimulus energy is converted into neural messages. This process occurs in the sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, and skin, where sensory receptors detect stimuli and convert them into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Transduction is essential for perception as it allows the brain to receive and interpret information from the environment.

Client-centered therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, is an approach that emphasizes the importance of the client taking an active role in their own therapy. The therapist provides a supportive and non-judgmental environment where the client can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. The focus is on helping the client gain insight and discover their own solutions to their problems, rather than the therapist providing direct advice or interpretation. This approach is based on the belief that individuals have the capacity for self-growth and self-healing.

A psychologist who studies depression by examining levels of a certain neurotransmitter in the brains of depressed and non-depressed people is using a biological approach. This approach focuses on understanding psychological phenomena by examining the biological processes and factors that contribute to them. By studying neurotransmitter levels in the brains of depressed and non-depressed individuals, the psychologist is investigating the biological basis of depression and how it may be related to imbalances or abnormalities in neurotransmitter function.

Individualistic cultures prioritize personal freedom and autonomy, which often leads to a higher value placed on non-conformity. In such cultures, individuals are encouraged to express their unique opinions, ideas, and behaviors, rather than conforming to societal norms or group expectations. Non-conformity allows for the exploration of diverse perspectives and encourages innovation and individuality. It is seen as a way to assert one's independence and differentiate oneself from the group, which aligns with the values of individualistic cultures.

Achievement tests are designed to measure the skills or knowledge that an individual has already learned. These tests assess the level of understanding and proficiency a person has acquired in a specific subject or area. Unlike tests that measure intelligence or potential, achievement tests focus on evaluating what an individual has already accomplished. They provide a way to gauge someone's level of expertise or mastery in a particular domain, making them useful tools for educational institutions, employers, and researchers to assess individuals' abilities and qualifications.

Social facilitation refers to the phenomenon where an individual performs better at a task when others are present. This can be attributed to the presence of an audience or the mere presence of others, which increases arousal and enhances performance on well-learned or simple tasks. The theory suggests that the presence of others can lead to increased motivation and a heightened state of alertness, resulting in improved performance. However, it is important to note that this effect may not occur for complex or unfamiliar tasks, where the presence of others can lead to anxiety and hinder performance.

The given scenario states that an aptitude test designed for sales and marketing jobs accurately predicts the performance of individuals as real estate agents. This indicates that the test has predictive validity. Predictive validity refers to the extent to which a test accurately predicts future performance or outcomes. In this case, the test's ability to successfully predict the performance of individuals in a different job role demonstrates its predictive validity.

A myelin sheath greatly speeds up the transmission of signals through a neuron. The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron, acting as an insulator. It helps to prevent signal loss and allows the electrical impulses to travel more efficiently and rapidly along the axon. This increases the speed at which information is transmitted from one neuron to another, enhancing overall neural communication.

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time it's presented is called the absolute threshold. This refers to the lowest level of intensity or magnitude at which a stimulus can be detected by an individual. It is the point at which the stimulus becomes perceptible to the person, indicating the boundary between not perceiving the stimulus and perceiving it.

This scenario illustrates the cognitive process of assimilation. Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas or mental representations. In this case, Tim already has a schema for horses based on his experiences on the farm. When he sees the zebra at the zoo, he tries to fit this new information into his existing schema by thinking that the zebra is a horse. This demonstrates how Tim is assimilating the new information of the zebra into his pre-existing knowledge of horses.

Older adults tend to have difficulty recalling words from a list compared to younger adults, as indicated by the statement "recall fewer." However, they are still able to recognize the same number of words as younger adults, as stated by "recognize just as many." This suggests that while older adults may struggle with retrieving information from memory, their ability to recognize familiar words remains intact.

Wally's behavior of frequently taking money from his mother's purse, killing the neighbor's cat, and shooting at passing cars with a BB gun without feeling remorse or guilt indicates a lack of empathy and disregard for the rights and feelings of others. This aligns with the characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder, which is characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

The most commonly occurring score in a distribution of scores is called the mode. The mode represents the value that appears most frequently in the dataset. It can be useful in determining the most typical or representative value in a set of data. Unlike the mean or median, the mode does not consider the actual values of the data, but rather focuses on the frequency of occurrence.

Performance at a task is best when arousal is moderate. This is because moderate arousal levels help individuals to be alert, focused, and motivated, which can enhance their performance. When arousal is too low, individuals may lack energy and motivation, leading to suboptimal performance. On the other hand, when arousal is too high, individuals may become overly anxious or stressed, which can negatively impact their performance. Therefore, maintaining a moderate level of arousal is generally considered to be ideal for achieving optimal performance in tasks.

Systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique used to treat anxiety disorders. It involves gradually exposing the client to anxiety-provoking situations while simultaneously teaching them relaxation techniques. By associating relaxation with anxiety-arousing situations, the client learns to replace their fear response with a relaxation response. This helps them become desensitized to the anxiety triggers over time and reduces their overall anxiety levels.

Crystallized intelligence refers to the knowledge and verbal skills that one has acquired throughout their life. It represents the accumulation of facts, information, and experiences that are stored in long-term memory and can be accessed and utilized in problem-solving tasks. This type of intelligence is based on learning, education, and cultural exposure, and it tends to increase with age. It is different from fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability to think logically and solve problems in novel situations.

The given procedure of computing the correlation between the total scores for odd-numbered items and even-numbered items is used to assess split-half reliability. Split-half reliability is a measure of internal consistency, which examines the extent to which different parts of a test yield similar results. By splitting the test into two halves and comparing the scores of the odd and even items, it is possible to determine if the test consistently measures the same construct. A high correlation between the two sets of scores indicates good split-half reliability, suggesting that the test is internally consistent and reliable.

In this study, the researcher is manipulating the variable of whether the subjects have failed or succeeded at a task. This manipulation is done intentionally by the researcher, making it the independent variable. The independent variable is the factor that is being tested or manipulated to see its effect on the dependent variable, which in this case would be aggression. Therefore, failing or not at the task is the independent variable in this study.