Chicano Studies 7 Review

The Spaniards were unable to settle large numbers of people in Northern New Spain due to several reasons. The hostile nomadic Indians posed a threat to their settlements, making it unsafe for people to live there. The harsh desert climate made it difficult for agriculture and other forms of sustenance. Lack of opportunities for wealth also discouraged people from settling in the region. However, the abundance of jobs was not a reason for their inability to settle, as it would have attracted people looking for employment opportunities.

Herbert Spencer defined the concept of biological determinism. Biological determinism is the belief that an individual's behavior, abilities, and characteristics are primarily determined by their biological traits and genetic makeup. This idea suggests that factors such as race, gender, and intelligence are predetermined by biology and cannot be changed or influenced by external factors such as environment or social conditioning. Spencer's theory of biological determinism was influential in the field of social Darwinism, which applied concepts from Darwin's theory of evolution to human society.

The given answer suggests that according to the Law of Christian Nations, native people have no rights to their land because they were not Christian at the time they were discovered. This implies that Christianity is considered the law of the land, and all laws are based on Christ's teachings. Therefore, it is believed that no Christian nation can seize the lands of non-Christians. This explanation highlights the discriminatory and ethnocentric nature of the Law of Christian Nations, which disregards the rights of native people based on their religious beliefs.

The correct answer is "EMBRACES THE CHRISTIAN NATIONS THEORY." This means that the United States supports or accepts the idea of the Christian Nations Theory. This theory suggests that the United States was founded as a Christian nation and that Christian principles should play a significant role in its governance and policies.

Bartolome de las Casas was a Dominican friar. This means that he was a member of the Dominican Order, a religious order within the Catholic Church. As a friar, he would have taken vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and dedicated his life to serving God and the Church. Las Casas is known for his advocacy for the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas during the Spanish colonization, and his efforts to protect them from exploitation and abuse.

When a population is exposed to a new disease for the first time, the attrition rate or rate of infection is likely to be high. This is because the population has not developed any immunity or resistance to the disease yet. As a result, a larger proportion of the population is susceptible to getting infected, leading to a higher rate of infection. Therefore, the correct answer is 2/3, indicating that approximately two-thirds of the population is expected to be infected when exposed to a new disease for the first time.

Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. This marked the end of three centuries of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico. The movement for independence began in 1810 with the Mexican War of Independence, but it was not until 1821 that Mexico officially gained its independence. This was achieved through the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized Mexico as an independent nation. The year 1821 is significant in Mexican history as it symbolizes the culmination of a long and arduous struggle for independence.

The correct answer is "PRO MONARCHY AND CENTRALIST." This means that the conservatives in Mexico during this time period were in favor of a monarchy and a centralized government. They believed in a strong central authority and supported the idea of having a monarch as the head of state.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo was a Spanish foot soldier at the time of the invasion. This means that he was a member of the Spanish military who fought on foot during the invasion. As a foot soldier, he would have been involved in the ground combat and played a crucial role in the Spanish conquest.

The correct answer is THE FLORENTINE CODEX. This is because the question is asking for the name of a book that Fray Bernardino de Sahagum transcribed into Spanish. The other options listed are not books that Sahagum transcribed.

The correct answer is "CHRISTIANIZE ANY NON-CHRISTIANS" because Pope Alexander instructed Portugal and Spain to convert any non-Christians they encountered to Christianity. This was part of the larger goal of spreading Christianity and expanding the influence of the Church. The Pope's directive allowed for the use of force if necessary to achieve this objective.

The regular clergy refers to religious individuals who live in a community and follow a specific set of rules or regulations. In the context of the given question, it is likely that the missions mentioned were being run by members of the regular clergy. These individuals would have been responsible for overseeing the religious aspects of the missions, such as conducting services and providing spiritual guidance to the people involved.

Stephen Austin was one of the first North Americans to receive a land grant and settle in Texas. He played a crucial role in the colonization of Texas, bringing in American settlers and establishing the first Anglo-American colony in the region. Austin's efforts paved the way for further American migration to Texas and ultimately played a significant role in the Texas Revolution and the formation of the Republic of Texas.

De Soto was the first to explore Florida and what is now the United States South. He embarked on an expedition in 1539, leading a group of conquistadors to explore the southeastern region of North America. De Soto's exploration covered areas such as Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. He was searching for gold and other riches, but his expedition ultimately ended in failure. Despite this, De Soto's exploration played a significant role in the early European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

Peninsulares were full-blooded Spaniards born in Spain. This term was used during the colonial period in Latin America to refer to individuals who were of Spanish descent and were born in Spain. They held the highest social and political status in the colonies and were often appointed to high-ranking positions in the government and the Catholic Church. Peninsulares were seen as superior to other groups in the colonies, such as Criollos (Spaniards born in the Americas) or mestizos (people of mixed European and indigenous ancestry).

The Armada refers to the Spanish Navy. It was a fleet of ships that was famously defeated by the English navy in 1588. The Spanish Armada was a significant military force that aimed to invade England and restore Catholicism. However, it was ultimately unsuccessful due to various factors such as bad weather and the skillful tactics of the English navy.

The Bourbon reforms included the replacement of criollos (people of Spanish descent born in the colonies) in important offices by peninsulares (people born in Spain). This policy aimed to centralize power and control in the hands of the Spanish crown, as peninsulares were seen as more loyal and obedient to the crown's interests. By replacing criollos with peninsulares, the Spanish government hoped to strengthen its control over the colonies and ensure that colonial administration aligned with its policies and goals.

Conservatism is a political ideology that emphasizes traditional values, institutions, and practices. It seeks to preserve existing social structures and hierarchies. The options given in the question are all characteristic of conservatism, except for "equal rights for all." Conservatism typically advocates for maintaining social inequalities and hierarchies, so equal rights for all would contradict this ideology.

The correct answer is "THE MEXICA PEOPLE ROSE UP AND EXPELLED THE IBERIAN INVADERS FROM TENOCHTITLAN." This answer accurately describes the event known as the "Noche Triste" or "Sad Night" when the Mexica people, led by their leader Cuauhtemoc, revolted against the Spanish invaders led by Hernán Cortés and drove them out of the city of Tenochtitlan in 1520. This event marked a significant turning point in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.

The correct answer is "SPANISH FORTS IN NEW SPAIN". This is because "presidios" were Spanish forts that were built in New Spain (now Mexico) during the colonial period. These forts served as military outposts and were used to defend the territory against indigenous groups and other European powers. They played a crucial role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas and were an important part of the Spanish Empire's presence in the region.

Fray Diego de Landa is the correct answer because he was a Spanish bishop who ordered the burning of Maya books during the Spanish conquest of the Yucatan Peninsula in the 16th century. Landa believed that the books contained heretical and idolatrous content, and he sought to eradicate indigenous cultural practices and convert the Maya people to Christianity. His actions resulted in the destruction of a significant amount of Maya literature and historical records, making it difficult for historians to fully understand and appreciate Maya civilization.

The correct answer is 3-4 MILES AWAY. Bernal Diaz claimed to be 3-4 miles away when he witnessed the Aztecs sacrificing his comrades. This distance would have allowed him to observe the events from a safe distance without being directly involved or in immediate danger.

The correct answer is Native American prisoners. This answer is based on historical records which show that Native Americans were among the first group of people to be captured and enslaved by European colonizers during the early stages of colonization in the Americas. These Native American prisoners were often forced into labor and transported across the Atlantic to work on plantations and in other industries.

The Manila Galleons were Spanish trading ships that sailed from Acapulco, Mexico to the Philippines. These ships were part of the Spanish trading route known as the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, which operated from the 16th to the 19th century. The galleons transported goods such as silver, spices, and luxury items between the two regions. The route was significant as it facilitated trade and cultural exchange between the Spanish Empire and Asia.

The Louisiana Territory was originally transferred by Spain to France. This transfer occurred through the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, where Spain returned the territory to France. However, France later sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

The correct answer is "RESPECT FOR ALL OF THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED TO MEXICANS BY THE TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO." The war between the United States and Mexico resulted in Mexicans in the US becoming second-class citizens, the loss of half of Mexico's national territory to the United States, and the beginning of a legacy of US invasions and intervention in Mexico and Latin America. However, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was supposed to guarantee certain rights to Mexicans, but this answer suggests that those rights were not respected.

The given correct answer suggests that one of the changes that occurred during the Bourbon rule was the increase in the number of convoys leaving to and from Spain each year. This implies that there was an increase in trade and communication between Spain and its colonies. The increase in convoys could have facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and resources, leading to a stronger connection between the Spanish colonies and other European powers.

Mexico-Tenochtitlan fell on August 13, 1521. This date marks the end of the Aztec Empire and the conquest of Mexico by the Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés. After a long siege, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was captured by the Spanish forces, resulting in the downfall of the Aztec civilization. This event was a significant turning point in the history of Mexico and had far-reaching consequences for the indigenous peoples of the region.

The Mexican government allowed US European Americans to settle in Texas under all of the following conditions except that they had to speak Spanish. This means that speaking Spanish was not a requirement for these settlers to be allowed to settle in Texas.

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Andrew Jackson was the President of the United States during the Texas Revolt. The Texas Revolt, also known as the Texas Revolution, was a conflict between Texas settlers and the Mexican government in the 1830s. Jackson was the President from 1829 to 1837, which includes the time period of the Texas Revolt that took place from 1835 to 1836. Jackson's presidency was marked by his support for westward expansion, and he played a role in the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that Andrew Jackson was the President at the time of the Texas Revolt.

Herbert Spencer's ideas of race influenced immigration policies, the sciences, and economic development policies. However, his ideas did not have an impact on the abolition of slavery. This means that the correct answer is "the abolition of slavery."

The correct answer is "ALL OF THE ABOVE." This is because the statement mentions that Christian international law states that lands without Christian owners were considered vacant, and it also claims that the first Christians to discover lands inhabited by heathens and infidels had absolute title to those lands. Additionally, it states that this concept was embraced by Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, Russia, and later the United States. Therefore, all of these statements are true.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was not a leader of the Texas secession movement. He was a Mexican general and politician who served as the President of Mexico multiple times. While he played a significant role in the Texas Revolution, he was not supportive of the secession of Texas from Mexico. The other three individuals mentioned - Lorenzo de Zavala, Sam Houston, and Stephen Austin - were all leaders who played key roles in the Texas secession movement.

"The Descent of Man" was written by Charles Darwin. This book, published in 1871, explores the theory of human evolution and the origins of mankind. Darwin's work revolutionized the scientific understanding of human ancestry and challenged traditional religious beliefs. He argued that humans, like all other species, have evolved through a process of natural selection. This book expanded on his earlier work, "On the Origin of Species," and further solidified his place as one of the most influential figures in the field of biology.

The correct answer is "THE REQUERIMENTO WAS READ TO THEM FIRST". This means that before enslaving Indians, it was necessary to read the "requerimento" to them, which was a document explaining the terms and conditions of their enslavement. This ensured that the Indians were informed and aware of what they were agreeing to before being enslaved.

After 1848, self-reliant communities were forced to adapt to wage labor and commercial agriculture. This means that instead of relying on their own resources and self-sufficiency, these communities had to start working for wages and participate in the commercial agricultural system. This shift would have required them to adjust their way of life and rely on external sources for their livelihood. The other options, the military-industrial complex and a barter economy, are not mentioned in the given statement and therefore are not the correct answer.

The birth of Emperor Maximillian did not lead to independence for Spain's American colonies. This is because Emperor Maximillian was a ruler of Mexico during the 19th century, and his birth had no direct impact on the independence movements of Spain's American colonies. The other options, such as Napoleon capturing King Philip, the Bourbon reforms, and the Enlightenment, all played significant roles in the process of independence for these colonies.

The Federalist wanted regional control and republican government. This means that they believed in giving power to individual states or regions while also maintaining a system of government where the people have a voice and elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. They did not support a strong central government or a monarchy, as they believed in the importance of individual liberties and the ability of local governments to address the needs of their communities.

The correct answer is "THE PRIEST." The question asks for the part of the regular clergy that was expected of all the mentioned groups. The options include the Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, and the Priest. However, it is clear that the Priest is the correct answer as it is a general term that encompasses all religious clergy, including the mentioned groups.

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According to Mexico and the Adams-Onis Treaty, the Southwest border of Texas was the Nueces River. This treaty, signed in 1819, established the boundary between the United States and Spanish territories, including Texas. The Nueces River was recognized as the boundary line between Texas and Mexico until the Texas Revolution and the subsequent annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. After this, the Rio Grande became the recognized border between Texas and Mexico.

The correct answer is "CEDED ABOUT HALF OF MEXICO'S TERRITORY TO THE UNITED STATES". This means that through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico agreed to give up approximately half of its territory to the United States.

During the 19th century, Britain had the highest foreign investment in Latin America compared to other European countries. This can be attributed to Britain's strong naval and economic power during that time. The British Empire had extensive trade networks and colonies around the world, including in Latin America. British investors saw opportunities in Latin America's vast resources, such as minerals, agricultural products, and raw materials. They invested heavily in industries such as mining, agriculture, and infrastructure development. This made Britain the dominant European country in terms of foreign investment in Latin America during the 19th century.

Dom Pedro, the correct answer, was the only European monarch to set foot on American soil. Dom Pedro was the Emperor of Brazil from 1822 to 1831 and played a crucial role in the independence of Brazil from Portugal. He traveled to the United States in 1876 to attend the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, making him the only European monarch to visit America. This visit highlighted the strong diplomatic ties between Brazil and the United States and showcased Brazil's growing importance on the world stage.

The Bourbon reforms aimed to centralize and modernize the administration of the Spanish colonies in the Americas. They introduced several changes, such as replacing the viceroy system with intendants and establishing two convoys for trade between Spain and the colonies. However, one thing that did not change under the Bourbon reforms was the restriction on trade between the Spanish colonies and other European powers and their colonies.

The correct answer is PRESIDENT POLK DECLARED WAR ON MEXICO. This answer is the exception because President Polk declaring war on Mexico was not a reason for the Texas independence movement. The other options listed are all valid reasons for the movement, such as increased central control from Mexico City, a desire by some leaders to make Texas part of the United States, and conflict between Euro-American colonists and the Mexican government over slavery and religion.

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In 1803, Spain transferred the Louisiana Territory. This transfer occurred as a result of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, in which Spain ceded the territory back to France. However, shortly after acquiring the territory, France sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. This purchase doubled the size of the United States and had significant implications for westward expansion and the development of the country.

The correct answer is "THE MANILA GALLEONS BEGAN SAILING FOR THE PHILIPPINES." This answer is supported by the information given in the question, which states that "THE BOURBON REFORM INCLUDED... THE MANILA GALLEONS BEGAN SAILING FOR THE PHILIPPINES." This implies that the Bourbon Reform allowed for the establishment of trade routes between Spain and the Philippines, specifically through the use of Manila Galleons.