Chapter 8 Test - AP Biology
- 1.Which of the following describe(s) some aspect of metabolism?
- A.
Synthesis of macromolecules
- B.
Breakdown of macromolecules
- C.
Control of enzyme activity
- D.
Synthesis of macromolecules and breakdown of macromolecules
- E.
Synthesis of macromolecules, breakdown of macromolecules, and control of enzyme activity
- 2.Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
- A.
Catalysis
- B.
Metabolism
- C.
Anabolism
- D.
Dehydration
- E.
Catabolism
- 3.Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) catabolic pathways?
- A.
They do not depend on enzymes.
- B.
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
- C.
They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.
- D.
They lead to the synthesis of catabolic compounds.
- E.
They do not depend on enzymes and they consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
- 4.Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?
- A.
They do not depend on enzymes.
- B.
They are highly regulated sequences of chemical reactions.
- C.
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
- D.
They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.
- E.
They are highly regulated sequences of chemical reactions and they consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
- 5.Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
- A.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- B.
The entropy of the universe is decreasing.
- C.
The entropy of the universe is constant.
- D.
Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter.
- E.
Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
- 6.The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law?
- A.
The energy content of an organism is constant.
- B.
The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
- C.
The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.
- D.
Organisms are unable to transform energy.
- E.
Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics.
- 7.According to the first law of thermodynamics,
- A.
The universe loses energy because of heat production.
- B.
Systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable and will give up energy with time.
- C.
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
- D.
The universe loses energy because of heat production and systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable and will give up energy with time.
- E.
The universe loses energy because of heat production and systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable, will give up energy with time, and energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
- 8.Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
- A.
Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.
- B.
Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.
- C.
Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics.
- D.
As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.
- E.
Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.
- 9.Which of the following statements about metabolism is incorrect?
- A.
Metabolism is an emergent property of life at the level of organisms.
- B.
Metabolism manages the utilization of materials and energy resources.
- C.
The uptake of water associated with the hydrolysis of biological polymers is part of metabolism.
- D.
Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy.
- E.
None of these statements about metabolism is incorrect.
- 10.Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
- A.
Free energy of the system.
- B.
Free energy of the universe.
- C.
Entropy of the system.
- D.
Entropy of the universe.
- E.
Enthalpy of the universe.
- 11.Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
- A.
If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.
- B.
If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.
- C.
Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.
- D.
Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
- E.
Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
- 12.Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) some aspect of energy in living organisms?
- A.
Living organisms can convert energy among several different forms.
- B.
Living organisms can use energy to do work.
- C.
Organisms expend energy in order to decrease their entropy.
- D.
Living organisms can convert energy among several different forms and can use energy to do work.
- E.
Living organisms can convert energy among several different forms, can use energy to do work and expend energy in order to decrease their entropy.
- 13.Which of the following statements is not representative of the second law of thermodynamics?
- A.
Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some loss of free energy.
- B.
Heat represents a form of energy that cannot be used by most organisms to do work.
- C.
Without an input of energy, organisms would tend towards increasing entropy.
- D.
Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.
- E.
Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.
- 14.Which of the following forms of energy is least available to accomplish cellular work?
- A.
Light energy
- B.
Electrical energy
- C.
Thermal energy (heat)
- D.
Mechanical energy
- E.
Potential energy
- 15.Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
- A.
Dehydration reactions
- B.
Hydrolysis
- C.
Respiration
- D.
Digestion
- E.
Catabolism
- 16.According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A.
The synthesis of large molecules from small molecules is exergonic.
- B.
Earth is an open system.
- C.
Life exists at the expense of energy derived from its environment.
- D.
A living cell can never function as a closed system.
- E.
Every chemical reaction in a cell results in a loss of free energy.
- 17.The organization of organisms has become increasingly complex with time. This statement
- A.
Is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.
- B.
Requires that due to evolution, the entropy of the universe increased.
- C.
Is based on the fact that organisms function as closed systems.
- D.
Is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics and requires that due to evolution, the entropy of the universe increased.
- E.
Is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, requires that due to evolution, the entropy of the universe increased, and is based on the fact that organisms function as closed systems.
- 18.The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is: ΔG = ΔH – TΔS. Which of the following is (are) incorrect?
- A.
ΔS is the change in entropy, a measure of randomness.
- B.
ΔH is the change in enthalpy, the energy available to do work.
- C.
ΔG is the change in free energy.
- D.
T is the absolute temperature.
- E.
ΔS is the change in entropy, a measure of randomness, and ΔH is the change in enthalpy, the energy available to do work.
- 19.What is the change in free energy of a system at chemical equilibrium?
- A.
Slightly increasing
- B.
Greatly increasing
- C.
Slightly decreasing
- D.
Greatly decreasing
- E.
No net change
- 20.Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
- A.
The products have more total energy than the reactants.
- B.
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
- C.
Some reactants will be converted to products.
- D.
A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed.
- E.
The reactions are nonspontaneous.
- 21.Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. Which of the following could be an example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell?
- A.
A reaction in which the free energy at equilibrium is higher than the energy content at any point away from equilibrium
- B.
A chemical reaction in which the entropy change in the reaction is just balanced by an opposite entropy change in the cell's surroundings
- C.
An endergonic reaction in an active metabolic pathway where the energy for that reaction is supplied only by heat from the environment
- D.
A chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are only used in a metabolic pathway that is completely inactive
- E.
There is no possibility of having chemical equilibrium in any living cell.
- 22.Which of the following shows the correct changes in thermodynamic properties for a chemical reaction in which amino acids are linked to form a protein?
- A.
+ΔH, +ΔS, +ΔG
- B.
+ΔH, -ΔS, -ΔG
- C.
+ΔH, -ΔS, +ΔG
- D.
-ΔH, -ΔS, +ΔG
- E.
-ΔH, +ΔS, +ΔG
- 23.When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy are as follows:
- A.
+ΔG, +ΔH, +ΔS
- B.
+ΔG, +ΔH, -ΔS
- C.
+ΔG, -ΔH, -ΔS
- D.
-ΔG, +ΔH, +ΔS
- E.
-ΔG, -ΔH, -ΔS
- 24.A chemical reaction that has a positive ΔG is correctly described as
- A.
Endergonic.
- B.
Endothermic.
- C.
Enthalpic.
- D.
Spontaneous.
- E.
Exothermic.
- 25.Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
- A.
Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.
- B.
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
- C.
Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that when hydrolyzed releases free energy.
- D.
Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions and it provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
- E.
Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions and it provides energy coupling between exergonic, endergonic reactions, and its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that when hydrolyzed releases free energy. .
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