AP Biology Final Exam Review

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  • 1/313 Questions

    If an individual allele has more than one effect on the phenotype it is said to be 

    • Pleiotropic
    • Epistatic
    • Recessive
    • Dominant
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About This Quiz

With the AP biology exam just around the corner it is important to ensure that you don’t get cold feet when you enter the exam room. The quiz below is designed to test out what you have covered this whole year. Give it a try and polish up on what you know so far.

AP Biology Quizzes & Trivia

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  • 2. 

    Chromosome exchanges genetic information by

    • Fertilization

    • Mitosis

    • Syngamy

    • DNA replication

    • Crossing over

    Correct Answer
    A. Crossing over
    Explanation
    Crossing over is the process in which genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This exchange of genetic information leads to genetic variation and diversity in offspring. It occurs during prophase I of meiosis and involves the breaking and rejoining of chromatids. Fertilization is the fusion of gametes, mitosis is the process of cell division, syngamy is the fusion of two gametes, and DNA replication is the process of copying DNA. None of these processes involve the exchange of genetic information between chromosomes like crossing over does.

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  • 3. 

    Which of the following produces identical cells?

    • Meiosis

    • Mitosis

    • Gamete formation

    • Syngamy

    • Fertilization

    Correct Answer
    A. Mitosis
    Explanation
    Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, and gamete formation, syngamy, and fertilization are all processes involved in sexual reproduction that result in the combination of genetic material from two different cells.

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  • 4. 

    Diploid organisms use meiosis for development of gametes. Meiosis consists of how many rounds of nuclear division

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    Correct Answer
    A. 2
    Explanation
    Meiosis consists of two rounds of nuclear division. During the first round, called meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This results in the formation of genetically diverse daughter cells. In the second round, called meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, resulting in the formation of haploid gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.

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  • 5. 

    Darwin concluded that evolution was at work by studying the shapes of

    • Seeds

    • Malarial parasites

    • Peppered moths

    • Hemoglobins

    • Beaks of finches

    Correct Answer
    A. Beaks of finches
    Explanation
    Darwin concluded that evolution was at work by studying the shapes of beaks of finches. This is because Darwin observed that different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands had different beak shapes, which were adapted to their specific diets and environments. He hypothesized that these variations in beak shape were the result of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous beak shapes were more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their traits to future generations. This observation provided evidence for the process of evolution and the idea that species can change over time in response to their environment.

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  • 6. 

    Natural selection adjusts the shape of the beaks among Darwin's finches in response 

    • To the available food supply

    • To the available nest building supplies

    • To the availability of potential mating partners

    • To remove ectoparasites from their feathers

    • To improve their feather preening abilities

    Correct Answer
    A. To the available food supply
    Explanation
    The shape of the beaks among Darwin's finches is adjusted by natural selection in response to the available food supply. This means that the beak shape of the finches will change over time based on the types of food that are available in their environment. Finches with beak shapes that are better suited for obtaining and consuming the available food will have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to the evolution of beak shapes that are more efficient for feeding on specific types of food.

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  • 7. 

    Chromosomes exchange genetic information during the process of

    • Fertilization

    • Mitosis

    • Syngamy

    • DNA replication

    • Crossing over

    Correct Answer
    A. Crossing over
    Explanation
    During the process of crossing over, chromosomes exchange genetic information. This occurs during meiosis, specifically during prophase I. Homologous chromosomes pair up and sections of DNA are exchanged between them, resulting in a recombination of genetic material. This process increases genetic diversity and plays a crucial role in evolution.

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  • 8. 

    All of the following are processes that promote new genetic combinations except:

    • Crossing over

    • Random fertilization

    • Independent assortment

    • Cytokinesis

    • Mutation in a germline cell

    Correct Answer
    A. Cytokinesis
    Explanation
    Cytokinesis is the process of cell division where the cytoplasm of a cell is divided into two daughter cells. It is not involved in promoting new genetic combinations because it does not involve the exchange or rearrangement of genetic material. Crossing over, random fertilization, independent assortment, and mutation in a germline cell are all processes that can lead to the creation of new genetic combinations.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following natural phenomenon is not a direct result of the properties of water?

    • Insects can walk on water

    • Dewdrops collecting on leaves

    • Floating icebergs

    • Evaporation of water in a leaf pulls water upward through roots and stem

    • DNA can be unzipped into 2 complementary strands

    Correct Answer
    A. DNA can be unzipped into 2 complementary strands
    Explanation
    DNA being unzipped into two complementary strands is not a direct result of the properties of water. This process, known as DNA replication, is a biochemical reaction that occurs within the cell and is mediated by enzymes. While water is involved in various biological processes, such as providing a medium for chemical reactions and facilitating transport within organisms, it is not directly responsible for the unzipping of DNA strands.

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  • 10. 

    The first stage of cellular respiration, ________, occurs with or without oxygen present.

    • The Kreb's Cycle

    • Glycolysis

    • Gluconeogenesis

    • Cleavage

    Correct Answer
    A. Glycolysis
    Explanation
    Glycolysis is the correct answer because it is the first stage of cellular respiration that occurs in both the presence and absence of oxygen. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This process generates a small amount of ATP and NADH, which are used in subsequent stages of cellular respiration to produce more energy.

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  • 11. 

    Enzymes have specific _______ with which they interact

    • Products

    • Substrates

    • Reactants

    • Atoms

    • End-products

    Correct Answer
    A. Substrates
    Explanation
    Enzymes have specific substrates with which they interact. Substrates are the molecules that enzymes bind to and act upon, facilitating chemical reactions. Enzymes have a unique shape that allows them to specifically recognize and bind to their substrates, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. This interaction enables enzymes to catalyze and speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Therefore, substrates are essential for enzyme activity and play a crucial role in the functioning of enzymes.

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  • 12. 

    The chief energy currency of all cells is a molecule called

    • Cyclic AMP

    • NADH

    • FADH

    • ATP

    • ADP

    Correct Answer
    A. ATP
    Explanation
    ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the chief energy currency of all cells. It is a molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes. ATP is produced through cellular respiration, where energy from nutrients is converted into ATP molecules. When energy is needed, ATP is broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy that can be used by the cell. Therefore, ATP is essential for powering various cellular activities, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of macromolecules.

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  • 13. 

    Enzymes work most effectively at

    • Their optimum pH and temp

    • All pH and temp conditions

    • Only 1 temp and a specific pH

    Correct Answer
    A. Their optimum pH and temp
    Explanation
    Enzymes work most effectively at their optimum pH and temperature because these conditions provide the ideal environment for the enzyme to function. The optimum pH and temperature allow the enzyme to achieve its maximum catalytic activity, as they provide the optimal conditions for the enzyme's active site to bind with the substrate and facilitate the chemical reaction. Deviating from the optimum pH and temperature can disrupt the enzyme's structure and reduce its activity, leading to decreased efficiency or even denaturation of the enzyme. Therefore, maintaining the optimum pH and temperature is crucial for the enzyme to perform its biological function effectively.

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  • 14. 

    A chemical reaction which requires energy is called an _________ reaction

    • Exergonic

    • Endergonic

    • Explosive

    • Heating

    Correct Answer
    A. Endergonic
    Explanation
    An endergonic reaction is a type of chemical reaction that requires energy to proceed. In this type of reaction, the products have higher energy than the reactants, and energy is absorbed from the surroundings. This is in contrast to an exergonic reaction, where energy is released. The terms "explosive" and "heating" do not specifically describe reactions that require energy, so they are not the correct answer in this context.

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  • 15. 

    _______ adapted plants such as cacti, pineapples, show  a pattern of stomatal opening and closing that is the reverse of C3 plants

    • C3

    • Arctic

    • CAM

    • Calvin cycle

    Correct Answer
    A. CAM
    Explanation
    CAM adapted plants such as cacti, pineapples, show a pattern of stomatal opening and closing that is the reverse of C3 plants. CAM stands for Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, which is a photosynthetic pathway that allows plants to conserve water in arid environments. Unlike C3 plants, which open their stomata during the day and close them at night, CAM plants open their stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide and store it as organic acids. During the day, the stomata remain closed to prevent water loss. This reverse pattern of stomatal opening and closing is an adaptation to survive in dry conditions.

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  • 16. 

    Protein catalysts that speed up the various metabolic biological reactions in an organisms are called 

    • Substrates

    • Cofactors

    • Reactants

    • Enzymes

    Correct Answer
    A. Enzymes
    Explanation
    Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions in organisms. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur, thereby increasing the rate of the reactions. Enzymes are not consumed or permanently altered by the reactions they catalyze, allowing them to be reused. Substrates are the specific molecules that enzymes act upon, while cofactors are non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their catalytic activity. Reactants are the starting materials for a chemical reaction. Therefore, the correct answer is enzymes, as they specifically refer to protein catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions.

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  • 17. 

    The progress of mitoss is regulated by _____ and their dependent kinases

    • Hormones

    • Chromosomes

    • Cyclins

    • Paracrine signaling

    Correct Answer
    A. Cyclins
    Explanation
    Cyclins are proteins that regulate the progress of mitosis by binding to and activating specific kinases. These cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate target proteins, leading to the progression of the cell cycle. The levels of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, with different cyclins being expressed at different stages. This regulation ensures that mitosis occurs at the appropriate time and in the correct sequence. Therefore, the correct answer is cyclins.

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  • 18. 

    All atoms tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number  of electrons,usually eight. Depending on whether the atoms satisfy this simple octet rule or not will  allow the prediction of 

    • Chemical behavior of the atoms

    • Whether they will be found in nature

    • Whether they will be found in nature

    • Their radioactive energy

    Correct Answer
    A. Chemical behavior of the atoms
    Explanation
    The octet rule states that atoms tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number of electrons, usually eight. By determining whether atoms satisfy this rule or not, we can predict their chemical behavior. This means that we can determine how likely they are to form bonds with other atoms, what types of compounds they can form, and how they will react in various chemical reactions. The octet rule is a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps us understand the behavior of atoms and molecules.

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  • 19. 

    The proposal that one type of  organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as  

    • Creativity

    • Evolution

    • Natural history

    • Preconception

    • Preservation

    Correct Answer
    A. Evolution
    Explanation
    The correct answer is evolution. Evolution is the proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time. It is a scientific theory supported by evidence from various fields such as genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. This theory explains the diversity of life on Earth and how species adapt to their environments through processes such as natural selection.

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  • 20. 

    A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of  insects and crustaceans is known as _____________.

    • Chitin

    • Glucose

    • Protein

    • Glycogen

    Correct Answer
    A. Chitin
    Explanation
    Chitin is a modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. It is a tough and flexible substance that provides structural support and protection to these organisms. Chitin is composed of long chains of N-acetylglucosamine units, which are linked together by hydrogen bonds. It is insoluble in water and resistant to degradation by enzymes, making it an ideal material for exoskeletons.

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  • 21. 

    The specific amino acid sequence in a protein is its

    • Primary

    • Secondary

    • Tertiary

    • Quaternary

    Correct Answer
    A. Primary
    Explanation
    The specific amino acid sequence in a protein is referred to as its primary structure. This structure is the linear arrangement of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, which is determined by the order of nucleotides in the gene that codes for the protein. The primary structure is crucial as it determines the protein's overall shape, function, and interactions with other molecules. Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures refer to the folding, 3D arrangement, and interactions between multiple polypeptide chains, respectively.

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  • 22. 

    Evidence for evolution includes all of the following except 

    • The fossil record.

    • Homologous structures

    • The molecular record

    • Intelligent design

    • Vestigal structures

    Correct Answer
    A. Intelligent design
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "intelligent design." This is because evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, homologous structures, the molecular record, and vestigial structures. However, intelligent design is not considered as evidence for evolution because it is a concept that suggests the complexity of life is best explained by the existence of an intelligent creator rather than through natural processes like evolution.

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  • 23. 

    The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is 

    • Measure rates of sedimentary rock formation

    • measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in th deposits.

    • Apply the principle of supersposition (youngr deposits above older deposits)

    • Make salinity measurements in ocean sediment deposits

    • Study the sequence of fossil types in the deposits

    Correct Answer
    A. measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in th deposits.
    Explanation
    The most precise method of obtaining estimates of the absolute ages of geological deposits is to measure the ratios of various radioactive isotopes in the deposits. Radioactive isotopes decay at a known rate, and by measuring the ratio of parent isotopes to daughter isotopes in a sample, scientists can determine how long it has been since the rock formed. This method, known as radiometric dating, allows for accurate dating of geological deposits and provides valuable information about Earth's history.

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  • 24. 

    You see a sign on a door that reads "Homologous Structures Inside" You go in and find   

    • Structures of animals that appear to have evolved from different parts of their bodies

    • Structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor

    • Structures of animals that have the same appearances and functions but obviously no common ancestor.

    • Structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but different ancestors.

    Correct Answer
    A. Structures of animals that have difference appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor
    Explanation
    The structures of animals that have different appearances and functions but seem to have evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor. This is indicated by the term "homologous structures," which refers to anatomical similarities between different species that suggest a shared evolutionary history. The presence of these structures suggests that different animals have evolved from a common ancestor and have undergone modifications over time to adapt to different functions and environments.

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  • 25. 

    Darwin proposed that natural selection occurs in an environment by  

    • Favoring heritable features that make the organism better suited to survive and reproduce

    • Producing a constant number of offspring while in that environment

    • Surviving for a fixed amount of time

    • Resisting the environment and keeping the environment from changing

    • favoting those individuals with the most favorable acquired characteristics

    Correct Answer
    A. Favoring heritable features that make the organism better suited to survive and reproduce
    Explanation
    Darwin proposed that natural selection occurs in an environment by favoring heritable features that make the organism better suited to survive and reproduce. This means that individuals with traits that increase their chances of survival and reproduction are more likely to pass on these traits to their offspring. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of beneficial traits in a population, as they become more adapted to their environment. This process of natural selection is the driving force behind evolution.

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  • 26. 

    The maintenance of a constant environment of a cell is called

    • Active transport

    • Homeostasis

    • Gene expression

    • Translation

    Correct Answer
    A. Homeostasis
    Explanation
    Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant and stable internal environment within a cell. This is achieved through various regulatory mechanisms that ensure the balance of temperature, pH, nutrient levels, and other factors necessary for the cell's proper functioning. Active transport, gene expression, and translation are all important cellular processes, but they do not specifically refer to the maintenance of a constant environment. Therefore, the correct answer is homeostasis.

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  • 27. 

    An allele that is present but unexpressed is 

    • Redundant

    • Dominant

    • Functional

    • Epistatic

    • Recessive

    Correct Answer
    A. Recessive
    Explanation
    An allele that is present but unexpressed is considered recessive because it does not have a visible effect on the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele. In order for a recessive allele to be expressed, an individual must inherit two copies of the recessive allele.

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  • 28. 

    The enzyme that initiates transcription is 

    • RNA polymerase

    • DNA polymerase

    • Carbonic anhydrase

    • ATP synthetase

    Correct Answer
    A. RNA polymerase
    Explanation
    RNA polymerase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme responsible for initiating transcription, which is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter region and begins the synthesis of RNA by adding complementary RNA nucleotides. DNA polymerase, carbonic anhydrase, and ATP synthetase are not involved in transcription initiation and have different functions in the cell.

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  • 29. 

    Since both the strands of a DNA molecule are complimentary to each other, either one of the strands can be used as a ___________to reconstruct the other  

    • Copy

    • Basis

    • Compass

    • Template

    Correct Answer
    A. Template
    Explanation
    The explanation for the correct answer is that since the strands of a DNA molecule are complimentary to each other, one strand can serve as a template or guide to reconstruct the other strand. This is because the base pairs in DNA (adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine) always pair up in a specific way, allowing the sequence of one strand to determine the sequence of the other. Therefore, the correct answer is "template".

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  • 30. 

    The method of DNA replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand, is called the 

    • Conservative method

    • Semiconsevative method

    • Disruptive method

    • Continuous method

    Correct Answer
    A. Semiconsevative method
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the semiconservative method. In this method of DNA replication, each original strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The resulting DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process ensures the preservation of the original genetic information while allowing for the introduction of new genetic material.

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  • 31. 

     Eukaryotic organisms and prokaryotic organisms differ in how gene information is processed. Select the statement that best explains this difference  

    • Prokaryote genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is translated immediately. Eukaryote genes contain long sequences of nucleotides that do not code for amino acid and have to be removed from the primary transcript.

    • Prokaryote genes are transcribed directly into a polypeptide, while eukaryote genes have mRNA and tRNA involved in polypeptide assembly

    • Prokaryote genes are translated before being transcribed into mRNA. Eukaryotic genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated

    • Prokaryote genes are dited of all introns before being transcribed into mRNA, while eukaryotic genes are edited after mRNA formation

    Correct Answer
    A. Prokaryote genes are transcribed into mRNA, which is translated immediately. Eukaryote genes contain long sequences of nucleotides that do not code for amino acid and have to be removed from the primary transcript.
    Explanation
    Eukaryotic genes contain long sequences of nucleotides that do not code for amino acids and have to be removed from the primary transcript. This is because eukaryotic genes often contain non-coding regions called introns, which are interspersed within the coding regions called exons. During gene expression, the primary transcript (pre-mRNA) undergoes a process called splicing, where the introns are removed and the exons are joined together to form the mature mRNA. This process is necessary to produce a functional mRNA molecule that can be translated into a protein. In contrast, prokaryote genes do not contain introns, so their genes can be transcribed into mRNA and immediately translated without the need for splicing.

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  • 32. 

    The type of diffusion that is specific and passive, and which becomes saturated if all the protein carriers are in use is 

    • Exocytosis

    • Facilitated diffusion

    • Active transport

    • Endocytosis

    • Osmosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Facilitated diffusion
    Explanation
    Facilitated diffusion is the correct answer because it is a specific and passive type of diffusion. It involves the movement of molecules across a cell membrane with the help of protein carriers. Unlike active transport, facilitated diffusion does not require energy. However, it can become saturated if all the protein carriers are in use, meaning that the rate of diffusion cannot increase further. Exocytosis, endocytosis, and osmosis are not types of diffusion, and active transport requires energy.

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  • 33. 

    A single gene has 3 or more alternative forms. These are  called 

    • Heterozygotes

    • Multiple alleles

    • Epistatic

    • Multiple zygotes

    • Homozygotes

    Correct Answer
    A. Multiple alleles
    Explanation
    In genetics, a gene can have multiple alternative forms, which are known as multiple alleles. These alleles can exist in different variations within a population. This allows for genetic diversity and the expression of different traits. Heterozygotes refer to individuals who have two different alleles for a particular gene, while homozygotes have two identical alleles. Epistatic refers to the interaction between different genes. Multiple zygotes are multiple fertilized eggs, which is not relevant to the given question. Therefore, the correct answer is multiple alleles.

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  • 34. 

    In plants, cell-cell junctions can only occur at gaps in the cell walls through cytoplasmic connections that form across the plasma membranes of the touching cells. These junctions are called

    • Desmosomes

    • Tight junctions

    • Plasmodesmata

    • The cellulose matrix

    • Adhering junctions

    Correct Answer
    A. Plasmodesmata
    Explanation
    Plasmodesmata are cell-cell junctions that occur in plants. They are gaps in the cell walls through which cytoplasmic connections form across the plasma membranes of touching cells. Plasmodesmata allow for the exchange of molecules, such as nutrients and signaling molecules, between adjacent plant cells. Unlike desmosomes, tight junctions, adhering junctions, and the cellulose matrix, which are found in animal cells or have different functions, plasmodesmata are specific to plant cells and play a crucial role in communication and transport between cells.

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  • 35. 

    The method of DNA replication, where each original strand s used as a template to build a new strand is called the

    • Conservative method

    • Semiconservative method

    • Disruptive method

    • Continuous method

    • Replication and amplification method

    Correct Answer
    A. Semiconservative method
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the semiconservative method. In this method of DNA replication, each original strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The resulting DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process ensures the conservation of one parental DNA strand in each new DNA molecule, hence the term "semiconservative." The other options (conservative method, disruptive method, continuous method, and replication and amplification method) do not accurately describe this process of DNA replication.

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  • 36. 

    The enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA molecules is called 

    • DNA polymerase

    • DNA Ligase

    • RNA polymerase

    • RNA ligase

    • TRNA primase

    Correct Answer
    A. DNA polymerase
    Explanation
    DNA polymerase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of new DNA molecules. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication, ensuring accurate replication of the genetic material. DNA Ligase, RNA polymerase, RNA ligase, and tRNA primase are not involved in the synthesis of new DNA molecules.

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  • 37. 

    Natural Selection has favored the dark  form of the peppered moth in areas subject to severe air pollution, perhaps because on darkened trees they are less easily seen by moth-eating birds. As pullion abated the light forms were favored because of 

    • Selection

    • Migration

    • Mutation

    • Genetic drift

    • Bottleneck drift

    Correct Answer
    A. Selection
    Explanation
    The correct answer is selection. Natural selection refers to the process by which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over time, based on their impact on survival and reproduction. In this case, the dark form of the peppered moth is favored in areas with severe air pollution because it provides better camouflage on darkened trees, making them less visible to moth-eating birds. As pollution abates, the light forms of the moth may be favored due to changes in the environment or predator-prey dynamics. This is an example of natural selection at work.

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  • 38. 

    In muscle cells, fermentation produces not alcohol but

    • ATP

    • NADH

    • Pyruvate

    • Kinetic energy

    • Lactate

    Correct Answer
    A. Lactate
    Explanation
    Fermentation in muscle cells produces lactate. During intense exercise, when oxygen supply is limited, muscle cells switch to anaerobic metabolism. In this process, glucose is converted into pyruvate, which is then converted into lactate. Lactate helps regenerate NAD+ molecules, which are necessary for glycolysis to continue producing ATP. Therefore, lactate is the correct answer as it is the end product of fermentation in muscle cells, not alcohol or any other listed options.

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  • 39. 

    All of the following are end products of glycolysis except 

    • Pyruvate

    • NADH

    • NAD+

    • Energy

    • ATP

    Correct Answer
    A. NAD+
    Explanation
    NAD+ is not an end product of glycolysis. Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH as byproducts. NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH and acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions, including glycolysis. Therefore, NAD+ is not an end product but rather a coenzyme that is regenerated during the later stages of cellular respiration.

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  • 40. 

    Reactions that occur spontaneously and release free energy are called

    • Activation

    • Exergonic

    • Catabolistic

    • Thermodynamic

    • Endergonic

    Correct Answer
    A. Exergonic
    Explanation
    Exergonic reactions are those that occur spontaneously and release free energy. These reactions are thermodynamically favorable, meaning that the products have lower energy than the reactants. In exergonic reactions, the energy released can be used to do work or drive other cellular processes. Activation refers to the energy required to start a reaction, catabolistic refers to the breakdown of complex molecules, thermodynamic refers to the study of energy transformations, and endergonic reactions require an input of energy to proceed.

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  • 41. 

    The temperature is raise slightly above the optimum for a specific enzyme. What would you expect to observe as a result of the change of temperature?

    • Increased enzyme activity

    • Decreased enzyme activity

    • No change in enzyme activity

    • Enzyme denaturation

    Correct Answer
    A. Decreased enzyme activity
    Explanation
    When the temperature is raised slightly above the optimum for a specific enzyme, it can cause the enzyme to become less active. This is because enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they function most efficiently. When the temperature exceeds this optimum, the enzyme's structure can be disrupted, leading to a decrease in its activity. This disruption can affect the enzyme's ability to bind to its substrate and carry out its catalytic function. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased enzyme activity.

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  • 42. 

    The _____ plants utilize a specialized carbon fixation enzyme and a unique cell structure to reduce the problems of photorespiration

    • C3

    • C4

    • Desert

    • Arctic

    Correct Answer
    A. C4
    Explanation
    C4 plants utilize a specialized carbon fixation enzyme called PEP carboxylase and have a unique cell structure known as Kranz anatomy, which helps to reduce the problems of photorespiration. Unlike C3 plants, which directly fix carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, C4 plants initially fix carbon dioxide into a four-carbon compound in mesophyll cells and then transfer it to bundle sheath cells for further processing. This spatial separation of carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in C4 plants allows them to efficiently concentrate carbon dioxide around the enzyme Rubisco, minimizing photorespiration and enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, particularly in hot and dry environments.

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  • 43. 

    Carbon Fixation occurs during the dark reactions, or __________, in photosynthesis

    • Glycolysis

    • Metabolism

    • Respiration

    • Calvin cycle

    Correct Answer
    A. Calvin cycle
    Explanation
    During photosynthesis, carbon fixation occurs during the dark reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle. This cycle is responsible for converting carbon dioxide into organic molecules, such as glucose. It takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and does not require light. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH, which are produced during the light reactions, to power the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. This process is essential for plants to produce energy-rich molecules that can be used for growth and development.

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  • 44. 

    At the conclusion of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the enzyme 

    • Must be resynthesized from its amino acids

    • Frees itself from the product is ready to be reused

    • Must be transported from outside the cell

    • Changes into an active form

    Correct Answer
    A. Frees itself from the product is ready to be reused
    Explanation
    After catalyzing a reaction, the enzyme "frees itself from the product is ready to be reused." Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Once the reaction is complete, the enzyme can detach itself from the product and is available to catalyze another reaction. This allows for efficient use of enzymes in multiple reactions, making them highly effective biological catalysts.

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  • 45. 

    What products of light reactons of photosynthesis are used in Calvin cyel?

    • O2 and protons

    • CO2 and H2O

    • ATP and NADPH

    • ADP NADP

    Correct Answer
    A. ATP and NADPH
    Explanation
    ATP and NADPH are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are used in the Calvin cycle. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light energy to produce ATP and NADPH. These energy-rich molecules are then used in the Calvin cycle, which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts, to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. ATP provides the necessary energy for the synthesis of glucose, while NADPH provides the reducing power needed for the conversion.

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  • 46. 

    Chemiosmosis generation of ATP is driven by

    • Pi transfer through the plasma membrane

    • The Na+/K+ pump

    • Difference in H+ concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane

    • Large quantities of ADP

    Correct Answer
    A. Difference in H+ concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the difference in H+ concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane. Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is generated in the mitochondria. It involves the movement of H+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient. This gradient is generated by the electron transport chain, which pumps H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. The H+ ions then flow back through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP. Therefore, the difference in H+ concentration on the 2 sides of the mitochondrial membrane is what drives the chemiosmosis generation of ATP.

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  • 47. 

    Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to the 

    • Capsule

    • Ribosomes

    • Pili

    • Nuceloid area

    • Flagella

    Correct Answer
    A. Flagella
    Explanation
    Flagella are long, whip-like appendages that protrude from the surface of a prokaryotic cell. These structures are responsible for the movement of the cell. By rotating in a propeller-like motion, flagella allow the cell to swim through liquid environments. This enables prokaryotic cells to actively seek out favorable conditions for survival, such as nutrients or oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is flagella.

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  • 48. 

    The stage of mitosis characcterized by the physical separaton of sister chromatids is called

    • Anaphase

    • Metaphase

    • Interphase

    • Telophase

    Correct Answer
    A. Anaphase
    Explanation
    Anaphase is the correct answer because it is the stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids, which are identical copies of each other, physically separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This separation is facilitated by the contraction of the spindle fibers, pulling the chromatids apart. The other options, metaphase, interphase, and telophase, do not involve the physical separation of sister chromatids.

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  • 49. 

    Animals cells typically achieve cytokinesis by 

    • Binary fission

    • Forming a cell plate across the middle

    • Forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2

    • Chromosome condensation

    Correct Answer
    A. Forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2
    Explanation
    During cytokinesis in animal cells, the correct answer is forming a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell into 2. This process involves the formation of a contractile ring made of actin and myosin filaments around the equator of the cell. The contractile ring contracts, causing the formation of a furrow that gradually deepens and eventually divides the cell into two daughter cells. This method of cytokinesis is different from binary fission, which is a process used by prokaryotic cells, and from forming a cell plate, which is a method used by plant cells. Chromosome condensation is not directly involved in cytokinesis but occurs during the earlier stages of cell division.

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