Chapter 2 How Anthropology Works: Methods Of Inquiry

Anthropology is a scientific field that studies human beings, their societies, cultures, and development. It is based on empirical evidence, research, and the use of scientific methods to understand human behavior and society. It is not based on a belief system, as it aims to provide objective and evidence-based explanations for human phenomena.

The statement "All men are created equal" would not be considered a scientific idea because it is a philosophical or ethical concept rather than a statement that can be tested or observed through scientific methods. Scientific ideas are based on empirical evidence and can be tested, measured, and observed. In contrast, the concept of equality is a value or belief that is not subject to scientific investigation.

The correct answer is "Has been well supported by scientific testing". When something is referred to as a theory, it means that it has undergone extensive scientific testing and has been supported by evidence and experimentation. The word "theory" in a scientific context does not mean a mere guess or speculation, but rather a well-established and substantiated explanation for a phenomenon based on empirical evidence.

This answer suggests that science and belief systems can ideally coexist and contribute to a human society. It implies that they are not always in conflict with each other and that they can both offer valuable insights and perspectives. This perspective recognizes the importance of both empirical evidence and personal beliefs in shaping our understanding of the world.

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon in science. It is based on observations and is used to make predictions that can be tested through experiments or further observations. A hypothesis is a starting point for scientific investigations and is subject to testing and refinement. It is different from a theory, which is a well-substantiated explanation for a wide range of phenomena based on a large body of evidence.

Science is a method of inquiry that involves systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis to understand the natural world. It is not just about collecting facts or conducting laboratory research, but also involves asking questions, formulating hypotheses, and making evidence-based conclusions. Science is not limited to studying concrete things like gravity and chemicals, but also encompasses various disciplines such as biology, physics, astronomy, and more.

Deduction is the process of testing hypotheses by looking for specific results that should follow if the hypothesis is supported. It involves reasoning from general principles or theories to specific predictions or observations. In deduction, one starts with a general statement or theory and then makes specific predictions based on that statement or theory. These predictions can then be tested through observation or experimentation to determine if they support the hypothesis.

Induction is the process of generating hypotheses based on observations or patterns. It involves making generalizations or predictions based on specific instances or evidence. In this process, one starts with specific observations and then forms a general conclusion or hypothesis that explains those observations. Induction is different from deduction, which starts with general principles and uses them to make specific predictions. Experimentation involves conducting experiments to test hypotheses, while guessing is a less systematic and more random approach to generating hypotheses.

A belief is something that is held to be true or accepted as true without evidence or proof. It is a subjective idea or opinion that is not based on scientific evidence or inquiry. Beliefs are often based on personal experiences, cultural or religious teachings, and individual perspectives. Unlike scientific ideas, beliefs cannot be tested or verified through scientific methods and are not subject to the same standards of evidence and proof. Therefore, the correct answer is that a belief cannot be subjected to scientific inquiry.

Past events in evolution, history, or phenomena that cannot be seen can be investigated by science just like visible, current phenomena. Science uses various methods and techniques to study and understand past events and phenomena, such as fossil records, historical documents, and archaeological findings. Through these scientific investigations, researchers can gather evidence, analyze data, and formulate theories or explanations about past events. While the study of past events may have limitations and uncertainties, science provides a systematic and evidence-based approach to investigate and understand them.