Anthropology Final Exam Quiz Questions

Explanation
Gender roles refer to the societal expectations and norms that dictate how individuals should behave based on their gender. These roles are typically assigned to females and males and encompass a wide range of behaviors, attitudes, and responsibilities. They are deeply rooted in cultural beliefs and can vary across different societies and time periods. Gender roles play a significant role in shaping individuals' identities, influencing their choices, and determining their roles and responsibilities within families, workplaces, and communities.

Explanation
The term "gender" refers to the culturally and socially determined roles that are based on the expected behaviors and characteristics of males and females in a given society. It encompasses the expectations, norms, and stereotypes associated with being male or female, and how these roles shape individuals' identities, behaviors, and opportunities. Gender is a complex concept that goes beyond biological differences and includes societal expectations and cultural influences.

Explanation
An egalitarian view of gender roles is gender equity. This means that there is a belief in equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all genders, without any form of discrimination or bias. It promotes the idea that individuals should be judged based on their abilities and qualities, rather than their gender. Gender equity strives to create a society where everyone has equal access to resources, power, and decision-making, regardless of their gender identity.

Explanation
The term "gender stratification" refers to the unequal distribution of resources, power, and opportunities between men and women in society. It implies a social hierarchy where one gender is considered superior or has more privileges than the other. In the context of the given question, it suggests that women are often devalued or considered of lesser worth compared to men, leading to an inequity among sexes.

Explanation
Sex refers to the biological characteristics that determine whether a person is male or female, including reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones. Gender, on the other hand, is a social construct that encompasses the roles, behaviors, and expectations that society assigns to individuals based on their sex. While sex is determined by biology, gender is performative and culturally determined, meaning that it varies across different societies and can be influenced by factors such as social norms, cultural beliefs, and individual experiences.

Explanation
A set of customs for making and enforcing decisions, resolving disputes and regulating behavior of its members is referred to as a political organization. This term encompasses the structures and processes by which power is exercised and decisions are made within a society or group. It involves the establishment of rules, laws, and institutions that govern the behavior and interactions of individuals within the organization.

Explanation
The correct answer is band, tribe, chiefdom, state. These four types of political organization represent different levels of complexity and social structure. A band is the simplest form, characterized by egalitarianism and informal leadership, typically found in hunter-gatherer societies. A tribe is slightly more complex, with reciprocal and situational leadership, often seen in horticultural societies. A chiefdom is a step further, with rank, formal, and permanent hereditary leadership, commonly found in agricultural societies. Finally, a state is the most complex, with stratified social roles and specialized functions, typically seen in industrial societies.

Explanation
Social norms refer to the expected patterns of behavior that are considered acceptable and appropriate within a particular culture or society. These norms can be both informal, such as unwritten rules or customs, and formal, such as laws or regulations. They provide guidelines for how individuals should behave in different social situations, shaping their interactions and relationships. By adhering to social norms, people maintain social order and cohesion within their community, ensuring that their actions align with the shared values and expectations of their culture.

Explanation
Social control refers to the mechanisms and practices that a society uses to regulate and maintain order within its members. It involves the enforcement of social norms, rules, and expectations, ensuring that individuals conform to the established social roles and behaviors. Social control can be exerted through various means such as formal laws, informal sanctions, and socialization processes. It is crucial for promoting social cohesion and preventing deviant behavior, ultimately contributing to the smooth functioning of a society.

Explanation
The correct answer is socialization, supernatural beliefs, and peer pressure. These are considered informal means of social control because they are not enforced by any formal authority or institution. Socialization refers to the process of learning and internalizing societal norms and values through interactions with family, friends, and other social groups. Supernatural beliefs, such as religious teachings and moral codes, also play a role in shaping individuals' behavior. Peer pressure is another informal means of social control, where individuals are influenced by their peers to conform to certain behaviors or norms. On the other hand, police and judges are examples of formal social control, as they enforce laws and regulations through their authority and legal systems.

Explanation
People are socially differentiated based on various factors, and three of these ways are race, gender, and religion. Race refers to the categorization of individuals based on physical characteristics such as skin color, while gender differentiates individuals based on their biological and social roles as either male or female. Religion, on the other hand, is a system of beliefs and practices that distinguishes individuals based on their faith or religious affiliation. These three factors play a significant role in shaping social interactions, relationships, and opportunities for individuals in society.

Explanation
The three dimensions of social stratification are wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth refers to the economic resources and assets that an individual or group possesses. Power refers to the ability to influence and control others, often through political or social means. Prestige refers to the social status and recognition that an individual or group holds, often based on occupation, education, or reputation. These three dimensions together determine an individual's or group's position and ranking in society, shaping their opportunities, privileges, and social mobility.

Explanation
The question asks for three types of societies. The correct answer is "egalitarian, rank, stratified." This answer aligns with the information provided in the question. It states that in egalitarian societies, people have equal access to wealth, power, and prestige. In rank societies, individuals are able to do what they want despite the will of others. In stratified societies, there is a division based on wealth, power, and prestige, such as market exchange, industrial, and caste systems.

Explanation
In a caste society, individuals are born into a specific social group or caste and cannot change their position in society. Marriage within the same caste is strictly followed, limiting social mobility and preventing individuals from moving up in rank. In contrast, in a class society, social status is determined by wealth and individuals have the opportunity to improve their position through marriage to someone of higher social class.

Explanation
Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals or groups to move up or down the social ladder based on factors such as education, occupation, and income. The answer "yes, no" suggests that social mobility can be both a reality and not happen often, depending on the context. While some individuals may be able to achieve upward social mobility through hard work and opportunities, social mobility as a widespread phenomenon may be limited due to various factors such as systemic inequalities, lack of access to resources, and intergenerational transmission of disadvantages.

Explanation
The difference between race and ethnicity lies in their nature. Race is a biological difference characterized by physical characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features. On the other hand, ethnicity refers to a cultural difference, encompassing behaviors, mannerisms, and speech patterns that are shared by a particular group of people. While race is associated with inherited traits, ethnicity is more related to cultural heritage and social identity.

Explanation
Religion is the belief system and practice in which humans seek help or guidance from supernatural powers. It involves rituals, prayers, and adherence to specific doctrines or teachings. Through religion, individuals and communities attempt to establish a connection with a higher power, often believing in the existence of gods, spirits, or divine beings. Religion provides a framework for understanding the mysteries of life, offering comfort, moral guidance, and a sense of purpose. It serves as a means to connect with the supernatural and seek assistance or guidance in various aspects of life.

Explanation
The three goals of religion are to learn about others' beliefs, understand how those beliefs function, and examine their impact on human behavior. By studying different religious beliefs, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of diverse cultures and perspectives. Additionally, understanding how religious beliefs function within societies can provide insights into social structures and norms. Lastly, examining the impact of religion on human behavior allows for a better understanding of the motivations and actions of individuals and communities.

Explanation
Magic is a practice that involves controlling and manipulating forces to achieve certain outcomes, whether it is to heal or hurt. On the other hand, religion is a human attempt to seek help or guidance from a supernatural power. Both magic and religion involve beliefs and practices that go beyond the natural world, but they differ in their approaches and intentions. Magic focuses on personal power and manipulation, while religion emphasizes faith and seeking divine assistance.

Explanation
The answer is witches and sorcerers because they are known for their ability to control forces through their thoughts and the use of incantations and potions. They possess a natural authority and power that allows them to manipulate supernatural forces and achieve their desired outcomes.

Explanation
Religion serves various social functions. Firstly, it promotes the well-being of society by providing a moral framework and promoting ethical behavior. Secondly, it acts as a tool for social control, regulating behavior and maintaining social order. Thirdly, it serves a cognitive function by providing explanations for the unknown and offering a sense of meaning and purpose in life. Lastly, religion fulfills an emotional function by providing comfort, support, and a sense of belonging to individuals, especially during times of distress or loss.

Explanation
The answer individualistic, shamanistic, communal, ecclesiastical refers to the complexity level of different types of cults. Individualistic cults are the least complex, involving individuals who practice rituals on their own. Shamanistic cults involve part-time shamans and have a medium level of complexity. Communal cults involve ordinary people conducting rituals together, indicating a higher level of complexity. Lastly, ecclesiastical cults are highly complex religious systems with full-time clergy.

Explanation
The correct answer for the given question is "fun, emotional response, transformative, communicative, technical skill". This means that in 5 elements art, the artwork should be enjoyable or entertaining (fun), elicit an emotional reaction from the viewer (emotional response), bring about a change or have a profound impact (transformative), convey a message or facilitate communication (communicative), and demonstrate a level of technical proficiency (technical skill). These elements are essential in creating a successful and impactful artwork.

Explanation
Culture is not static because it is constantly evolving and adapting to new ideas, beliefs, and practices. As societies progress and interact with one another, cultural norms and values change over time. This dynamic nature of culture allows it to reflect the ever-changing needs and aspirations of a society. Additionally, cultural exchange and globalization further contribute to the fluidity of culture, as different societies influence and borrow from one another. Therefore, culture cannot remain static and must continuously evolve to remain relevant in a changing world.

Explanation
The given answer is correct because it accurately identifies the two ways in which cultures change: innovation and diffusion. Innovation refers to the creation or invention of new ideas, practices, or objects within a culture, such as Ariel using a fork as a comb. Diffusion, on the other hand, refers to the spread or influence of one culture onto another, resulting in changes in both cultures, similar to how cul de sac is influenced by two different cultures coming into contact.

Explanation
Cultural boundaries encompass various aspects such as language, clothing, landmarks, religion, and marriage. These boundaries define the unique characteristics and practices of a particular culture. They determine the way people communicate, dress, worship, and form social connections within a specific cultural group. Cultural boundaries play a significant role in shaping the identity and customs of a society, distinguishing it from others and contributing to the diversity of the world.

Explanation
This question is asking for a comparison between two types of anthropology: academic and applied. Academic anthropology involves the study of humans without a specific time frame, with the aim of understanding their culture. On the other hand, applied anthropology focuses on solving problems in society and typically takes around 6 weeks to 3 months to complete.

Explanation
During World War II, applied anthropologists played a crucial role in assisting the United States in its war efforts. They conducted research on both enemies and allies to provide valuable insights and intelligence. Additionally, the hiring of an anthropologist by FDR for the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) suggests that anthropologists were involved in studying and understanding indigenous populations, possibly to gain their support or cooperation. Furthermore, anthropologists served as liaisons in Japanese internment camps, helping to maintain order and gather information. All of these efforts aimed to support the United States in its war endeavors during World War II.

Explanation
The Fox Project and Vicos Project were two prominent applied anthropology projects in the 50s and 60s. The Fox Project aimed to study the impact of industrialization on a rural Mexican community. It examined the social, economic, and cultural changes brought about by the introduction of a factory in the village. On the other hand, the Vicos Project focused on the transformation of an indigenous Peruvian community into a modern agrarian society. It studied the effects of land reform, education, and infrastructure development on the community's social structure and cultural practices. Both projects sought to understand and address the social and cultural implications of modernization and development.

Explanation
The AAA code of ethics includes a responsibility to the people being studied, the public, the discipline, the students, the sponsors, and the host government. This means that anthropologists have an obligation to prioritize the well-being and rights of the individuals and communities they study, as well as to ensure that their research benefits society as a whole. They must also uphold the integrity and standards of the discipline, mentor and educate students, maintain transparency and accountability with sponsors, and respect the laws and regulations of the host government.