Anthropology Quiz-6

All of the above examples are human cultural systems that have negative consequences for human health. Children sleeping by themselves in cribs can lead to increased stress and difficulty in forming secure attachments. The use of infant formula instead of breastfeeding can result in a higher risk of infections and chronic diseases for infants. Smoking and drinking are well-known health hazards that can lead to various illnesses and even death.

A true nomad is a person or group who constantly moves across the landscape in search of resources. This lifestyle is characterized by the fact that resources are not always available in the same places from season to season or year to year. Unlike transhumant nomads, who have a more predictable pattern of movement, true nomads have no fixed or permanent settlement. Sedentary people, on the other hand, do not move and stay in one place. Therefore, the correct answer is true nomad.

A sedentary person or group refers to someone who lives in one place permanently, without moving or migrating. They do not engage in a nomadic or transhumant lifestyle where they constantly move from one location to another. Instead, they choose to reside in a fixed location year after year.

Milk is the most important type of food that can be obtained from domestic animals on a sustainable basis without killing the animal. Milk is a rich source of essential nutrients such as protein, calcium, vitamins, and minerals. It can be obtained from animals like cows, goats, and sheep through a process called milking, which does not harm or kill the animal. Milk is a versatile food product that can be consumed in various forms like drinking, cooking, and making dairy products like cheese, butter, and yogurt. It is a sustainable and ethical source of nutrition from domestic animals.

The concept of "food miles" refers to the average distance that food travels from where it is grown to where it is purchased or consumed. This distance is steadily increasing, indicating that food is being transported over longer distances before reaching consumers. This trend has implications for sustainability, as longer transportation distances contribute to increased greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption.

Every person's behavior is influenced by their own cultural and idiosyncratic beliefs, which shape their values and norms. Additionally, other people play a significant role in shaping behavior through social interactions and peer pressure. Access to resources also affects behavior, as individuals may be motivated to act in certain ways to obtain or secure resources. Laws and traditions provide social guidelines and expectations, influencing behavior through societal norms and expectations. Finally, threats of punishment or promises of rewards can serve as external motivators, influencing behavior through the fear of consequences or the desire for rewards. Therefore, all of the options mentioned above contribute to shaping a person's behavior.

The correct answer is ice and snow. Inuit populations in the Arctic used ice and snow to build igloos because these materials provided excellent insulation and protection against the harsh cold weather. The compacted snow blocks were stacked in a spiral pattern to form a dome-shaped structure, which helped to trap heat inside. The igloos were also designed with a small entrance to prevent heat from escaping and to keep out the wind. This method of construction allowed the Inuit to create a warm and water-tight shelter in the extreme Arctic conditions.

The types of shelters that people construct and live in are influenced by various factors. Patterns of movement play a role in determining the type of shelter as nomadic societies may require portable or temporary structures. Environmental constraints such as climate and geography also influence the design and materials used in shelters. Economic constraints determine the affordability and accessibility of certain types of shelters. Notions of privacy and systems of kinship can also impact the layout and size of shelters. Therefore, all of the above factors influence the types of shelters that people construct and live in.

Historical particularism is the correct answer because it refers to the approach used by anthropologists to study a particular feature of culture by examining the specific historical context in which it developed. This approach focuses on understanding the unique factors and circumstances that shaped the development of a cultural system in a specific time and place. By analyzing the historical context, anthropologists can gain insights into the reasons why a particular system developed the way it did.

This statement suggests that anthropologists believe that all hair care products, foods, and clothing are associated with a particular ethnicity. It implies that everything related to these categories is influenced by cultural or ethnic backgrounds. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

Culture shock is described as the result of the failure of our theory of mind to work the way it usually does to help us navigate our interactions with others. Theory of mind refers to our ability to understand and attribute mental states to others, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions. In a new cultural environment, our usual understanding of others' thoughts and behaviors may not apply, leading to confusion and disorientation, which are characteristic of culture shock.

When a field must be allowed to rest before it can be replanted with crops for human consumption, it is said to "lie fallow." This means that the field is left uncultivated for a period of time to restore its fertility and nutrients. Allowing the land to lie fallow helps prevent soil exhaustion and promotes better crop yields in the long run. Therefore, the correct answer is "lie fallow."

Applied anthropologists focus on using their research and skills to address practical issues and find solutions that are practical, sustainable, and fair. They apply anthropological knowledge and methods to real-world problems, working with communities, organizations, and governments to develop strategies and interventions that can improve people's lives. Unlike physical/biological, cultural, and linguistic anthropologists who primarily study and analyze different aspects of human culture and society, applied anthropologists actively engage in problem-solving and aim to make a positive impact on society.

The correct answer is "transhumant". Transhumant refers to a lifestyle where people regularly move between different locations, such as from winter pastures to summer pastures. This movement is predictable and follows a regular pattern. Nomadic refers to a lifestyle where people have no permanent settlement and constantly move from place to place. Sedentary refers to a lifestyle where people have a permanent settlement and do not move frequently. Post-industrial and epizootic are unrelated terms and do not fit the context of the given explanation.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because the scope of cultural anthropology includes studying what is inside people's minds, their behavior and actions, what they make, and the consequences of their beliefs and behavior. Cultural anthropologists examine not only the ideas and beliefs of a culture but also the practices, traditions, and customs that shape their daily lives. Additionally, they analyze the material culture produced by a society, such as artifacts and buildings, as well as the impact of human behavior on individuals, groups, and the environment. Therefore, all of these aspects are included within the scope of cultural anthropology.

The anecdote in the textbook serves as a reminder that one should not make assumptions about what others know or believe. The encounter with the old soldier in rural Mali, who was unaware of the existence of white people who spoke languages other than French and had never heard of the United States, highlights the importance of avoiding assumptions about others' knowledge and experiences. This reinforces the idea that it is necessary to approach others with an open mind and not make assumptions based on one's own perspective or background.

Hunting and gathering (foraging) has been a significant part of human existence for most of our history. Many people in foraging societies combine other subsistence technologies like farming and industrial work for wages. In these societies, women typically play a crucial role in providing food. Additionally, there are still modern-day individuals who rely heavily on gathering wild plants and animal foods for sustenance. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned are correct.

Anthropologists study contemporary hunters and gatherers to gain insight into the lives of our earlier ancestors who lived in the EEA. This type of comparison is known as ethnographic analogy. Ethnographic analogy involves comparing and drawing similarities between different cultural groups to understand past societies. By observing and studying the behaviors, practices, and social structures of contemporary hunters and gatherers, anthropologists can make inferences about the lives of our ancestors. This method allows them to reconstruct and understand the cultural practices and behaviors of past societies.

Fisher-folk and hunters of marine mammals often lead very different lives than other hunters and gatherers because they live in sedentary villages, always live near open bodies of water, often sell part or most of their catch, and almost always combine fishing/hunting of marine animals with other modes of subsistence.

Human groups who live in similar biomes, such as tropical islands, high altitudes, or deserts, will share some aspects of culture because they are exposed to similar environmental conditions. The environment plays a significant role in shaping culture, as it influences the available resources, climate, and challenges that people face. Therefore, living in similar biomes leads to the development of similar knowledge, practices, and adaptations to the environment, resulting in shared aspects of culture among these groups.

Thomas Hobbes' claim that hunters and gatherers live lives that are "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" is generally false. Hobbes argued that in a state of nature, life would be chaotic and individuals would constantly be at war with each other. However, anthropological studies have shown that many hunter-gatherer societies have strong social bonds, relatively low levels of violence, and a high degree of cooperation. Additionally, these societies often have a rich cultural and spiritual life, challenging the notion that their lives are inherently "nasty" or "brutish." While the conditions of hunter-gatherer societies can vary, it is inaccurate to characterize them as universally solitary, poor, and short.

The correct answer includes weather, soil qualities, water sources, the native flora and fauna, and the potential for natural disasters. These are all examples of natural resources in an environment. Weather, soil qualities, and water sources are essential for the growth of plants and the survival of animals. The native flora and fauna refer to the plant and animal species that are naturally present in an area and contribute to the biodiversity of the ecosystem. The potential for natural disasters is also considered a natural resource as it affects the overall environmental conditions and can have significant impacts on the ecosystem.

In the contemporary U.S., many homeless people use shopping carts to help them move their belongings from place to place. Shopping carts provide a convenient and easily accessible means of transportation for homeless individuals who may not have access to other forms of transportation such as cars or public transportation. These carts allow them to transport their belongings with relative ease and flexibility, enabling them to move around and find temporary shelter or resources as needed.

Horticulture is defined as a subsistence system that involves the cultivation of domesticated plant crops using only hand tools, without the use of animal or machine power, or plows. This means that horticulture relies on manual labor and traditional methods of farming, rather than modern technologies such as machines, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. The other options, such as herding of domestic animals, fishing, and intensive agriculture with modern techniques, do not accurately describe horticulture as defined by anthropologists.

Commercial ocean fishing has had a negative effect on the environment, as overfishing has led to the widespread extinction or extirpation of many once-plentiful species. This is because commercial fishermen often prioritize catching large quantities of fish for profit, leading to unsustainable fishing practices. Over time, this has depleted fish populations and disrupted the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. As a result, many species have become endangered or extinct, causing long-term damage to the environment.

Solar power has not resulted in major environmental disasters compared to the other sources of energy listed. Hydroelectric power can cause negative impacts on ecosystems and displacement of communities due to dam construction. Nuclear power has the potential for catastrophic accidents and the long-term storage of radioactive waste. Coal power contributes to air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Oil and gas power extraction can lead to oil spills and habitat destruction. Solar power, on the other hand, is a renewable and clean source of energy that does not produce harmful emissions or waste.

The correct answer is social structure. This is because the statement suggests that in Mali, there is a social structure in place where there are always other adults present to observe and monitor interactions between spouses and children. This implies that there is a societal expectation or norm for communal involvement in family life, highlighting the importance of social structure in shaping relationships and behaviors within the community.

Texas and Alaska are the correct answer because these two states have a history and cultural identity that includes a strong sense of independence. Both states have a unique history of being independent territories before joining the United States, and they have a strong belief in states' rights and limited federal government interference. This is reflected in the willingness of some residents in these states to discuss the possibility of secession from the United States.

The given answer, "sedentary person/people," refers to individuals or communities who do not move frequently and instead have a settled lifestyle in one location. This is in contrast to nomadic or transhumant lifestyles, where people constantly move from place to place. The Kwakiutl, Haida, and Maidu native communities mentioned in the question are known for their settled lifestyles in specific regions of the U.S. northwest coast and the Central Valley of California, respectively. Therefore, they can be categorized as sedentary people or communities.

Slash and burn horticulturalists engage in the practice of slashing and burning to clear the land and provide nutrients to enrich poor tropical soils. This technique involves cutting down vegetation and burning it, which releases nutrients into the soil. The ashes left behind act as a natural fertilizer, making the soil more fertile and suitable for agriculture. By clearing the land and enriching the soil, slash and burn horticulturalists can continue using the same land year after year for their agricultural activities. Additionally, the cleared land allows for the growth of native grasses, which attract game and provide a food source. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

Freegans get their food by scavenging off other people's waste because they want to minimize their support of corporations, minimize their impact on the planet, and distance themselves from out-of-control consumerism. This practice allows them to obtain food without directly contributing to the capitalist system, reduce food waste, and live a more sustainable lifestyle.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because all of the given options are true statements about industrial farming or factory farming. These systems involve intensive modification of the environment, as they often require the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals. They are usually owned by large corporations rather than individuals or families, as they require significant resources and capital investment. Genetically engineered crops are commonly used in industrial farming to enhance productivity and resistance to pests. Lastly, these farming systems often involve growing many acres of the same strain of the same crops on adjacent land, which can lead to issues such as soil degradation and increased vulnerability to diseases.

Archaeology heavily relies on material culture to figure out a group's beliefs and behaviors. Archaeologists study artifacts, structures, and other physical remains left behind by past societies in order to understand their cultural practices, social organization, and belief systems. By analyzing these material remains, archaeologists can reconstruct aspects of a group's daily life, religious practices, economic systems, and more.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because domesticated foods such as corn and chickens fulfill all the given criteria. They are grown deliberately for human consumption, they have been genetically changed over generations through selective breeding, they require human caretaking to thrive, and they are distinct from their wild ancestors.

The explanation for the answer "False" is that although industrial food production may appear more efficient and less costly in terms of production on a large scale, it does not take into account the environmental costs. Industrial food production often leads to deforestation, pollution, and depletion of natural resources, which have long-term negative impacts on the environment. On the other hand, subsistence farming or local family farms may have lower production levels but they prioritize sustainable practices and have a smaller ecological footprint. Therefore, when considering all the environmental costs, industrial food production is not more efficient or less costly than subsistence farming or local family farms.

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others and that its way of life is the most natural and best way to do things. It involves judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often leading to a biased and narrow perspective. This can result in a lack of understanding and appreciation for cultural diversity and can hinder cross-cultural interactions and cooperation.

If you successfully learn to think like an anthropologist, you will understand that people who share skin color, body shape, and facial features may belong to many different cultures. Additionally, people who look very different from you may share many aspects of culture with you, especially if they grew up in the same region. Furthermore, people who look and act just like you in many ways may have very different beliefs and practices concerning some issues. Ultimately, the world cannot be divided into "us" and "them".

Improved knowledge and technology alone cannot compensate for the ever-growing human population because we are already using vast amounts of nonrenewable resources to support our lifestyles. Additionally, we are consuming renewable resources faster than they can renew themselves, polluting many of them and rendering them unusable. Furthermore, our actions are driving many plant and animal species to extinction. Therefore, all of these constraints make it highly unlikely that improved knowledge and technology will be able to solve the issue of feeding everyone in the face of a growing population.

The example of eating a Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. consisting of roast turkey, stuffing/dressing, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, and pumpkin pie demonstrates that culture is learned because individuals acquire knowledge about traditional dishes and customs through socialization. It also shows that culture is shared because Thanksgiving dinner is a communal event that is celebrated and enjoyed by many people. Additionally, the example suggests that culture is patterned because there are specific rituals, foods, and traditions associated with Thanksgiving. Lastly, the example implies that culture is somewhat arbitrary because the specific foods and customs associated with Thanksgiving could vary across different cultures or regions.

Most anthropologists describe some degree of ethnocentrism as being natural and understandable: "Of course we view our way of life as the best, the only right way to live." Ishmael, the gorilla from Daniel Quinn's novel, would disagree, saying that for most of human existence, all people lived as nonethnocentric leavers. This means that they lived in harmony with their environment, taking only what they needed and not exploiting or dominating other cultures or the natural world. Ishmael argues that it is only in recent history that humans have become ethnocentric and destructive, causing harm to themselves and the planet.

Kosher and Halal meat products differ from ordinary meat products found in most U.S. grocery stores because the animals' bodies are drained of blood before they are butchered. This is a specific requirement in both Jewish and Islamic dietary laws. The draining of blood is believed to remove impurities and is considered a necessary step in the preparation of these meats.

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In a modern grocery store, the seafood department would be the most likely place to find a wide variety of foods from nondomesticated sources. Seafood includes various types of fish and shellfish that are sourced from oceans, seas, and rivers around the world. These foods are typically not domesticated and are caught in their natural habitats. Therefore, the seafood department is the correct answer for finding a wide variety of foods from nondomesticated sources.

The given correct answer is "all of the above". This means that the statement can be seen as hyperbole or hype because it exaggerates the importance of dairy products for strong bones and teeth. It can also be considered propaganda because it is promoting a specific viewpoint and trying to convince people to consume dairy products. Additionally, it can be seen as a marketing strategy because it is aimed at selling dairy products and making money, even if they may not be necessary for everyone's diet.

The given answer "all of the above" is correct because each of the mentioned factors requires a significant amount of energy in the process of transporting food from the point of production to the point of purchase. Freighters, planes, freezers, refrigerated warehouses, trains, and trucks all contribute to the energy consumption involved in the transportation of food.

The anthropological informants may give the researcher inaccurate information because they find it amusing to fool the clueless visitor to their lives, their actual behavior doesn’t match the cultural ideal of what they are supposed to do, they don’t really have a very good idea of how often they do something or how much time they spend on a particular activity, and they don’t consider it any of the outsider’s business and may be suspicious of the researcher’s motives.

According to the given definition, African Americans are the descendants of slaves brought from western Africa. Barack Obama's father was from Kenya, which is not a coastal region of western Africa. Therefore, he does not fit the definition of an African American.

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The given answer, "all above," is correct because it encompasses all the statements mentioned. According to the statements, the more often people have to move, the less stuff they tend to have. Similarly, the farther people have to move, the less stuff they tend to have. People who must carry all their possessions in their arms or on their backs will have the least amount of stuff. Lastly, sedentary people, who do not have to move frequently, will have the most amount of stuff. Therefore, all the statements are true with respect to material culture.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because the statement mentions multiple characteristics of how rural families live in Mali. It states that they live in extended family compounds with an exterior encircling wall, live in houses built of mud-brick covered with mud stucco, live in houses with either thatched roofs or roofs made of corrugated metal, and spend most of their days outside, going inside only to sleep, and then only when it isn't too hot to sleep inside. Therefore, all of these statements are true and make up the correct answer.

Julian Steward was an American archaeologist and ethnohistorian who studied the Shoshone Indians of the Great Basin in the western US. His approach, known as cultural ecology, emphasized the importance of understanding a group's subsistence strategies and their interaction with the physical and natural environment in order to comprehend other aspects of their culture. Steward's approach allowed for flexibility and overlap in how subsistence affects different aspects of culture. Therefore, all of the above statements about Julian Steward are true.

If humans did not carefully control the breeding of domesticated dogs, there would be no Chihuahuas, Great Danes, or Russian Wolf Hounds. This means that the generic domesticated dog, in a scenario where breeding is not controlled, would be a medium-sized dog with short golden fur.

Intensive pastoralism and agriculture are not more energy efficient compared to non-intensive or subsistence-level versions. This means that the statement "they are more energy efficient" is not true.

All of the animals listed - lapp reindeer, farm-raised catfish, emu, and bison - are examples of semi-domesticated or farm-raised animals. Lapp reindeer are domesticated reindeer that are raised by the indigenous Sámi people of northern Scandinavia. Farm-raised catfish refers to catfish that are bred and raised in controlled environments for commercial purposes. Emus can be raised on farms for their meat, oil, and feathers. Bison can also be raised on farms for their meat and other products. Therefore, all of the above options are examples of semi-domesticated or farm-raised animals.

The features of a group's mode of subsistence, such as how often and how far they have to move and whether or not they have domestic animals or modern conveyances to help them carry their stuff, can limit how much stuff they can have. This is because if a group needs to frequently move or does not have means of transportation, they will be limited in the amount of stuff they can carry with them. On the other hand, if they have domestic animals or modern conveyances, they will have the ability to transport more stuff.

The correct answer is "more costly and less nutritious." The statement in the question suggests that the modern food system includes foods that are not fresh and have undergone various modifications to increase their shelf life. These modifications often involve removing certain ingredients and adding others, which can result in a decrease in nutritional value. Additionally, the fact that these foods come from far away implies that they may be more expensive due to transportation costs. Therefore, the modern food system is characterized by foods that are both more costly and less nutritious.

The given answer is correct because it accurately states that all important scientific questions have not been asked and answered. Science is an ongoing process of inquiry and discovery, and new questions are constantly being asked and answered through research and experimentation. Therefore, it is incorrect to assume that all important scientific questions have already been addressed.

The more substantial houses of nomadic and transhumant pastoralists are often made of a basic constituent framework that can be disassembled, taken along, and reassembled every time the group needs to move. They often have inner and outer walls and floors made of fabric woven from wool or cotton, or from woven reed or grass mats, or felt, or animal hides. Their constituent parts are carried from place to place by domestic animals, sometimes with the help of wheeled carts or wagons. These houses come in varying shapes and sizes.

The correct answer is that the UP always think that farting is hysterically funny. This means that the Universal People do not universally find farting to be funny.

The sun and the moon are not examples of betwixt and between things because they can easily be classified into one category or another in a binary system. The sun is classified as a star and the moon is classified as a satellite. They do not fall into the category of objects, creatures, or ideas that are not easily classified.

Artificial selection refers to the intentional breeding of plants and animals by humans for specific desirable traits. In this process, individuals with desired traits are selected as parents to produce offspring with those traits. Over time, this selective breeding leads to the development of new varieties or breeds that are better suited for human needs and preferences. Unlike natural selection, which is driven by environmental factors, artificial selection is driven by human intervention and control. This process has been instrumental in the domestication of various plants and animals, allowing humans to obtain greater control over their food production and resources.

The textbook author objects to Roy Baumeister's claim because it reflects ignorance and arrogance, implies that people who do kill or grow their own food should be ashamed, and because there isn't anything intrinsically better about being able to eat foods out of season or foods that originated far away. Additionally, the author believes that the planet pays a high price for the practice of transporting foods far from their sources of origin.

The analogy used by Arno van Voorst is that once a building is erected, the cranes and scaffolding used to build it are removed. This means that once a social structure is established, the elements that contributed to its formation may no longer be visible or apparent. Just like the cranes and scaffolding are no longer visible once the building is complete, the historical factors or events that shaped a society may be forgotten or lost over time. This lack of visibility can lead to a reliance on tradition as the explanation for why things are done a certain way.

Taking some of the blood from domestic animals, particularly cattle, provides a way to obtain high-quality protein and iron. This is because beef blood contains these nutrients in significant amounts.

In a typical U.S. feedlot system, each kcal of beef protein produced requires 35 kcals of fossil energy input alone. This means that a significant amount of energy is needed to produce beef protein in this system.

Many people in the U.S. believe that infant formula is a suitable replacement for breast milk. However, the correct answer suggests that this belief is incorrect. The answer states that close to 1000 children in the U.S. die each year because they were not exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, as recommended by health experts. This implies that infant formula is not an equally healthy substitute for breast milk and can have severe consequences for infants.

Julian Steward was an anthropologist who emphasized the significance of subsistence in understanding cultures. He believed that the way a society obtains its food and resources is central to its culture and shapes other aspects of social organization. Steward developed the concept of cultural ecology, which examines the relationship between a society and its environment. By studying subsistence patterns, Steward argued that we can gain insights into the economic, social, and political structures of different cultures. His work contributed to the understanding of how human societies adapt and interact with their environments.

The correct answer is that the foods they eat are mostly from domesticated plants and animals and most are highly processed or even cooked. This means that they are not gathering food directly from the natural environment, as traditional foragers do. Instead, they rely on discarded food from dumpsters and garbage cans, which is typically food that has already been processed or cooked.

In agricultural systems where the main source of energy input is the sun, such as for hunters and gatherers, pastoralists, horticulturalists, and many agriculturalists, the productivity of food production is high. This means that for every calorie of human labor input, more than one calorie of food is produced. This is because the sun provides abundant energy for plants to grow, which in turn provides a larger yield of food. Therefore, the answer is "more than one calorie food".

Many different groups of people around the world, such as the Kurds, do not feel any special connection to the nation-state they live in due to various reasons. Some may be recent immigrants, with loyalties to their home country. Others may feel disconnected because their nation-state has only been in existence for a short time. Additionally, some groups may view their nation-state as an artificial creation designated by others. Lastly, members of certain tribes or ethnic groups may have been arbitrarily placed into another country when boundaries were drawn. Therefore, all of the above reasons contribute to why these groups do not feel a special connection to their nation-state.

Biotechnology refers to the use of technology and genetic engineering to improve agricultural practices. The statement "biotechnology will NOT be able to solve the problems of industrial agriculture" suggests that although biotechnology may have its benefits, it cannot completely address all the challenges and issues associated with industrial agriculture. This implies that there are other factors and problems that need to be considered and addressed in order to improve the overall effectiveness and sustainability of industrial agriculture. Additionally, the statement "industrial agriculture harms the environment and wildlife" highlights the negative impact that industrial agriculture can have on the environment and wildlife populations.

The second step in adopting the standpoint of cultural relativism is realizing that most of the time, people's behavior makes sense when viewed from their perspective. This means understanding that different cultures have their own set of values, beliefs, and practices that may seem irrational or nonsensical to outsiders, but have a logical explanation within their cultural context. By recognizing this, one can avoid judging others based on their own cultural biases and instead strive to understand and appreciate different perspectives.

Claude Lévi-Strauss and Mary Douglas are associated with symbolic anthropology because they both focus on the symbolic meanings and classifications of cultural phenomena. Lévi-Strauss believed that human brains naturally categorize the world into binary oppositions, while Douglas emphasized the power and significance of things that are difficult to classify within a cultural system. Symbolic anthropology examines how symbols and meanings shape human behavior and social structures.

Agriculture is distinguished from horticulture by anthropologists based on the use of domesticated animals as a power source, in addition to human labor, in agriculture. Horticulture, on the other hand, refers to the growing of ornamental flowers and shrubs. The correct answer, a and b only, indicates that both the use of domesticated animals as a power source and the addition of a plow to turn over the soil are the distinguishing factors between agriculture and horticulture.

The term "true nomad" refers to individuals or groups who fully rely on hunting and gathering as their primary means of survival and do not have a fixed or permanent settlement. This lifestyle involves constantly moving from one location to another in search of food and resources. In contrast, transhumant nomads may move seasonally with their herds but still have a more settled lifestyle compared to true nomads. Adjunct college professors and sedentary people are not related to the nomadic lifestyle.

The industrial processing of foodstuffs after production requires a significant amount of energy inputs. One estimate suggests that it takes 1000 calories of energy to produce just one calorie of processed food. This high energy cost is due to the various steps involved in processing, such as transportation, packaging, heating, and cooling. The energy-intensive nature of food processing highlights the environmental impact and inefficiency of the industrial food system.

Triangular teepees with slanting walls are most likely to be found in Siberia and among the historic Plains Indians of the US. This is because teepees were traditionally used as portable dwellings by these indigenous groups in these regions.

Environmental possibilism is the perspective that the physical environment sets limits on the types of subsistence that are possible, but it does not dictate exactly how people will obtain their food. This means that while the environment may present certain challenges or opportunities for obtaining food, human societies have the ability to adapt and find different ways to meet their subsistence needs. This perspective acknowledges the role of culture and human agency in shaping how people interact with their environment and obtain their resources.

Culture is not biologically inherited, but rather socially constructed and learned. This means that anyone, regardless of their biological background, can be raised in any cultural environment and learn that culture. Additionally, cultural beliefs can be changed as individuals learn new information and perspectives throughout their lifetime. This includes replacing maladaptive cultural beliefs with more adaptive ones. Therefore, the correct answer is that culture can be transmitted from any one person to any other person, not just from parent to child.

Being a good cultural anthropologist does not require agreeing that all cultures are equal or that all values are acceptable. It also does not mean that one should blindly accept and approve of any behavior simply because it is part of another culture. Instead, cultural anthropologists strive to understand and analyze different cultures objectively, without passing judgment. Therefore, the correct answer is "none of the above".

Melamine is the correct answer because it is the industrial chemical that has been deliberately added to various food products exported from China to increase their apparent protein content. This contamination has been reported in dog and cat food, vegetable protein used in chicken feed, chocolate-flavored "Willy Spread," and infant formula. Melamine is a toxic chemical that can cause kidney problems and other health issues when consumed in high levels.

Swordfish and venison are considered wild foods because they come from animals that are typically hunted or caught in the wild. Corn on the cob and kobe beef, on the other hand, are not wild foods. Corn is a cultivated crop, typically grown on farms, and kobe beef comes from a specific breed of cattle that is raised in a controlled environment.

Hunters and gatherers, dumpster divers, freegans, subsistence-level cattle herders, and subsistence-level sweet potato horticulturalists obtain most of their food through direct labor. These groups rely on their own physical efforts to gather or hunt for food, rather than relying on external sources such as supermarkets or agriculture.

The switch from local subsistence farming to corporate agriculture in India has resulted in a rise in the suicide rate among bankrupted farmers. This can be attributed to various factors such as increased debt burden, crop failure, and inability to compete with large corporations. The shift to corporate agriculture has led to a decline in the income and livelihood of small-scale farmers, pushing them into financial distress and desperation, ultimately leading to a higher rate of suicides among this vulnerable group.

Contemporary hunters and gatherers have a varied diet, including both plant and animal foods. Women play a crucial role in providing most of the food through their gathering activities. Additionally, the notion of "generalized reciprocity" is important, as each person shares what they have hunted or gathered with all other group members. This promotes cooperation and ensures everyone's needs are met.