Chapter 1-test On Psychology, Sociology And Anthropology

Psychoanalytic Theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, consists of three components: the id, ego, and superego. The id represents the unconscious and instinctual desires, seeking immediate gratification. The ego acts as the mediator between the id and the external world, balancing the desires of the id with the reality of the situation. The superego represents the internalized moral standards and values of society. Together, these three elements form the structure of the human psyche and influence behavior and personality. The options "ego, archetype, anima" and "animus, superego, id" do not accurately represent the components of Psychoanalytic Theory.

The correct answer is "individuals whose behavior is different from the societal norm." Deviance refers to actions or behaviors that deviate from what is considered normal or acceptable in a particular society or culture. It does not necessarily imply breaking the law or enjoying being different, but rather focuses on behaviors that go against the established norms and values of a society.

Cultural materialism asks about the influence of population and economic factors on the development of culture. It aims to understand how these factors shape and influence the type of culture that emerges in a society. By examining the relationship between population size, economic systems, and cultural practices, cultural materialism seeks to uncover the reasons behind the development and evolution of different cultural institutions and norms. This question aligns with the central focus of cultural materialism, which is to explore the impact of population and economic factors on the formation of culture.

According to functionalists, all cultures are set up to deal with the universal problems that societies face, and these problems are all connected with trying to meet either physical or psychological needs. This means that cultures have developed various systems and structures to address these problems and ensure the well-being of individuals and the functioning of society as a whole. The principle of binary opposites, on the other hand, does not directly relate to the functionalist perspective and is not mentioned in the given information.

The correct answer is sociology. The question asks about the schools of thought associated with examining behavior and society, and all of the mentioned schools of thought are commonly studied within the field of sociology. Each of these perspectives offers unique insights into understanding social behavior and the structures of society.

B.F. Skinner would be associated with the statement "animal experiments are a true predictor of human behavior" because he was a behaviorist who emphasized the importance of studying observable behavior. Skinner believed that behavior could be understood and predicted by examining the consequences of actions, and he conducted many experiments using animals to study behavior. He developed the theory of operant conditioning, which suggests that behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment, and this theory can be applied to both animals and humans. Therefore, it is likely that Skinner would support the idea that animal experiments can provide insights into human behavior.

Behaviourism is a psychological perspective that focuses on observable behavior and believes that human behavior can be understood and controlled by identifying the factors that motivate it. By identifying these factors, psychologists can predict and control behavior, allowing them to effectively treat patients with problem behaviors. This approach emphasizes the importance of understanding the causes of behavior and using that knowledge to modify and shape behavior as needed.

Confederates in psychology refer to individuals who are members of the experiment teams. These individuals are aware of the experiment and actively participate in it, often playing specific roles assigned by the researchers. They are not unaware of the experiment like the first option suggests, nor are they simply observers like the third option implies. The confederates play a crucial part in creating a controlled environment and manipulating variables to study the effects on other participants. They help researchers gather data and observe the reactions and behaviors of the actual participants.

Cultural materialism is the theory associated with determinism, which suggests that the types of technology and economic methods adopted in a society ultimately shape the development of that society. This theory emphasizes the influence of material conditions, such as technology and economic systems, on social and cultural aspects of a society. It argues that these material conditions play a significant role in determining the structure and functioning of a society. Therefore, the correct answer is cultural materialism.

The correct answer is the outdated view that racial and ethnic minorities would gradually be absorbed into the culture of the majority, through public institutions like school. Assimilationist refers to the belief that minority groups should assimilate into the dominant culture, often through education and other public institutions. This view disregards the importance of preserving diverse cultural identities and can perpetuate inequality by promoting the dominance of one culture over others.

Fictive kinship is the practice of acknowledging as kin people who are not biologically related. This means that individuals may consider their close friends or chosen family members as their kin, even though they do not share a biological relationship. Fictive kinship is a way of recognizing and valuing the importance of non-biological relationships and treating them as if they were family.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that focuses on the interaction between individuals and the meanings they attach to symbols and social interactions. It emphasizes that the core of our value system is formed through the process of how we as individuals interpret and process what we observe in society. This theory suggests that our values are not solely determined by society's institutions, but rather by the meanings and interpretations we give to our social interactions and observations.

The most important variable in the experiment was whether the confederate reacted positively or negatively. This suggests that the behavior and response of the confederate had a significant impact on the participants and the overall outcome of the Frisbee game. It implies that the participants' behavior and perception were influenced by how the confederate reacted, which could have affected the dynamics of the game and the overall atmosphere in the waiting room.

Structuralism is a theoretical approach that seeks to understand the underlying structures and systems that shape human behavior and thought processes. It focuses on identifying the main principles that govern the way the human mind works. By studying these principles, structuralism aims to uncover the fundamental elements of human cognition and perception. This understanding can then be applied to various fields such as psychology, linguistics, and anthropology. By exploring the principles that govern the human mind, structuralism provides insights into the nature of consciousness and how it influences our behavior and interactions with society.