Ch. 5 Consciousness Quiz

Sleep apnea is a sleep disturbance characterized by snoring, short silences, and gasps. It is a condition where a person's breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep. This interruption can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and can occur multiple times throughout the night. Sleep apnea can lead to daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and other health problems if left untreated.

LSD is the best known hallucinogen because it gained significant popularity during the counterculture movement in the 1960s. It became associated with the hippie movement and was widely used for its psychedelic effects. LSD is a powerful hallucinogenic drug that alters perception, thoughts, and feelings. It is known for producing intense visual hallucinations and can cause profound changes in consciousness. Its widespread use and cultural impact have made it the most well-known hallucinogen.

Pharmacologic drugs refer to substances that have an effect on the body and its functions. While addictive substances can also alter human consciousness, the term "pharmacologic drugs" is a broader classification that includes both addictive and non-addictive substances. Narcotics specifically refer to drugs that have pain-relieving properties. Therefore, the most appropriate classification for substances capable of altering human consciousness is "psychoactive drugs," as they directly affect the brain and can change perception, mood, and behavior.

Hypnosis is known for inducing a state of heightened suggestibility in individuals. During hypnosis, a person becomes more open and receptive to suggestions and instructions given by the hypnotist. This increased suggestibility allows the hypnotist to influence the individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a way that they may not be able to do in their normal waking state. Therefore, the correct answer is increased suggestibility.

Insomnia is the correct answer because it refers to a sleep disturbance where a person wakes up multiple times during the night and has difficulty falling back asleep. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep. Sleep apnea is a disorder where a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep. Somnambulism, also known as sleepwalking, is a sleep disorder where a person engages in activities while asleep.

Freud believed that dreams serve as a way for individuals to fulfill their unconscious wishes and desires that are not fulfilled in their waking life. Dreams allow individuals to experience and satisfy their deepest desires and fantasies. This theory suggests that dreams are a reflection of our unconscious mind and provide insight into our hidden desires and motivations.

The second stage of sleep typically has spindles. Spindles are brief bursts of rapid brain activity that last for a few seconds. They are characterized by a distinctive wave pattern on an electroencephalogram (EEG). During this stage, the body starts to relax even more, heart rate and body temperature decrease, and the brain waves become slower with occasional bursts of rapid activity. This stage is important for transitioning from light sleep to deeper sleep.

Dissociation or a split in awareness is commonly associated with hypnotic induction. This process involves inducing a trance-like state where the individual becomes highly focused and detached from their surroundings. During this state, they may experience a dissociation or a split in awareness, where they feel detached from their body or have an altered sense of time. This is a key characteristic of hypnotic induction and is not typically associated with amphetamine intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, or relaxation training.

Tolerance refers to the reduction in the body's response to a drug that can occur with repeated use. This means that over time, a person may need to take higher doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect that was initially experienced with a lower dose. Withdrawal, addiction, and dependence are related concepts, but they do not specifically refer to the reduction in the body's response to a drug.

Our sleep rhythms are tied to external time markers like light and dark. This is because our bodies have evolved to be synchronized with the natural light-dark cycle of the 24-hour day. Light exposure, particularly in the morning, helps regulate our internal body clock and signals to our brain when it is time to be awake and alert. Darkness, on the other hand, triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep. This synchronization with external time markers helps to regulate our sleep-wake cycles and maintain a consistent pattern of sleep.

Cocaine is classified as a stimulant because it increases the activity of the central nervous system, resulting in increased alertness, energy, and euphoria. It works by blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to their increased levels in the brain. This stimulation can have various effects on the body, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. In contrast, alcohol, marijuana, and morphine are classified as depressants because they slow down the activity of the central nervous system, leading to relaxation, sedation, and decreased cognitive function.

Nicotine is classified as a stimulant because it increases the activity of the central nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. It also enhances the release of dopamine in the brain, which produces feelings of pleasure and reward. These effects make nicotine a stimulant drug that can increase focus, attention, and arousal.

Physical cravings for a drug and unpleasant reactions when the drug is withheld are characteristic symptoms of physical addiction. Physical addiction refers to the body's physical dependence on a drug, where the body becomes tolerant to the drug and requires increasing amounts to achieve the same effect. When the drug is withheld, withdrawal symptoms occur, which can include physical cravings and unpleasant reactions. Psychological dependence and emotional dependence, on the other hand, refer to the mental and emotional reliance on a drug, rather than the physical symptoms experienced.

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breaths during sleep. It has been suggested by some physicians that SIDS, or crib death, may be caused by sleep apnea. This is because sleep apnea can lead to a decrease in oxygen levels in the body, which can be harmful and potentially fatal, especially in infants. Therefore, sleep apnea is a plausible explanation for SIDS, making it the correct answer.

Beta waves are high-frequency brain waves that are typically associated with a state of wakefulness and alertness. These waves are commonly observed when a person is engaged in active mental activity, such as problem-solving or focused attention. Therefore, the presence of beta waves in an EEG suggests that the person is awake and alert rather than asleep or dreaming.

The fact that there is a need for REM sleep is suggested by REM rebound. REM rebound refers to the phenomenon where a person experiences an increase in REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation. This suggests that the body has a biological need for REM sleep and tries to make up for the lost REM sleep when given the opportunity.

Night terrors most often occur during Stage 4 NREM sleep. This stage is characterized by deep sleep, and night terrors usually occur during the transition from this stage to waking up. During Stage 4 NREM sleep, the brain is less responsive to external stimuli, making it more likely for night terrors to occur without being easily awakened. Additionally, Stage 4 NREM sleep is associated with the occurrence of sleepwalking and sleep talking, which are often seen in individuals who experience night terrors.

During hypnosis, EEG recordings resemble those obtained when a person is awake because hypnosis is a state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility, rather than a state of sleep. The brain waves during hypnosis are similar to those when a person is awake, indicating that the individual is in a wakeful and receptive state of mind. This suggests that hypnosis involves a different state of consciousness than sleep, as the brain activity is different.

During the transition from wakefulness to sleep, the brain's electrical activity, as measured by EEG, changes. Specifically, immediately before sleep, the EEG shows patterns of larger and slower waves called alpha waves. These alpha waves are associated with a relaxed and drowsy state, indicating that the individual is entering a state of sleep.

Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are tranquilizers. Tranquilizers are a type of medication that is commonly used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other related conditions. They work by depressing the central nervous system, producing a calming and sedating effect. Barbiturates, on the other hand, are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants and are used as sedatives or hypnotics. Stimulants are drugs that increase alertness, attention, and energy. Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that alter perception, thoughts, and feelings, often causing hallucinations.