APUSH Chapter 13-14 Review Test!

Eli Whitney is widely recognized for his invention of the cotton gin. This device revolutionized the cotton industry by automating the process of separating cotton fibers from the seeds, significantly increasing productivity. The cotton gin played a crucial role in the expansion of cotton production in the southern United States, as it made the process faster and more efficient. Whitney's invention had a profound impact on the economy and history of the United States, as it led to a significant increase in cotton production and the expansion of slavery.

The correct answer is the Erie Canal in New York. The "canal era" of American history refers to the period when canals were being built across the country for transportation purposes. The Erie Canal was a significant project that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, allowing for the transportation of goods and people between the Midwest and the East Coast. Its construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825, marking the start of a boom in canal building in the United States. The Erie Canal played a crucial role in the economic development of New York and the expansion of trade in the region.

The introduction of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry by making it easier and faster to separate cotton fibers from the seeds. This led to a significant increase in cotton production, which in turn created a higher demand for slave labor to cultivate and harvest the cotton crops. Slavery was reinvigorated as plantation owners sought to maximize their profits by increasing their slave workforce to meet the growing demand for cotton.

Noah Webster's dictionary helped to standardize the American language. This is because Webster's dictionary was one of the first dictionaries to include American English words and spellings, rather than just British English. By providing a standardized reference for American English, Webster's dictionary played a significant role in establishing a distinct American language and promoting linguistic uniformity within the country.

The correct answer is that the Irish immigrants to early nineteenth-century America were mostly Roman Catholics and hated the British. This is because during this time period, Ireland was under British rule and many Irish people faced discrimination and oppression. As a result, they harbored strong resentment towards the British. Additionally, the majority of Irish immigrants were Roman Catholics, which further fueled their dislike for the predominantly Protestant British.

The correct answer suggests that life on the frontier was extremely difficult and challenging for most pioneer families. It implies that they faced harsh conditions, including poverty, lack of resources, and constant hardships. This explanation is supported by the phrase "downright grim," which emphasizes the severity of their situation.

Native-born Protestant Americans distrusted and resented the Irish mostly because they were Roman Catholic. This religious difference created a sense of otherness and fear among the Protestant population, who saw Catholicism as a threat to their own beliefs and values. Additionally, the Irish immigrants' strong ties to their Catholic faith and the influence of the Catholic Church in their communities further contributed to the distrust and resentment.

Nativism refers to the sentiment of fear and opposition towards open immigration. It is a belief system that prioritizes the interests of native-born citizens over those of immigrants. Nativists often advocate for strict immigration policies, including border control and the preservation of cultural and economic dominance by the native population. This sentiment can be seen in various historical periods when there were concerns about the impact of immigration on the social, economic, and political fabric of a nation.

The "cult of domesticity" refers to a societal belief during the 19th century that women's primary role should be focused on the home and family. It emphasized the importance of women as homemakers and caretakers, glorifying this traditional role. This belief system idealized the domestic sphere and placed a high value on women's ability to create a nurturing and harmonious home environment. It promoted the idea that women should prioritize their duties within the household and uphold moral values within the family.

Charles G Finney is considered the greatest of the revival preachers of the Second Great Awakening because of his significant impact on religious and social reforms during that time. He was known for his powerful preaching style and ability to convert large numbers of people to Christianity. Finney's revival meetings were characterized by emotional and intense experiences, which led to a wave of religious enthusiasm and social change across the United States. His teachings and efforts played a crucial role in shaping the religious landscape of the country and inspiring various social movements, such as abolitionism and women's rights.

Samuel Slater is considered the "Father of the Factory System" in the United States because he played a crucial role in bringing British textile technology to America. In 1790, Slater emigrated from England to the United States and built the first successful textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He recreated the spinning technology he had learned in Britain and introduced the factory system to America. Slater's mill became a model for future industrialization in the United States, leading to the growth of the textile industry and the development of other factories across the country.

The correct answer is the use of interchangeable parts. This refers to the practice of manufacturing standardized components that can be easily replaced or interchanged in a product, allowing for efficient and rapid assembly. This innovation revolutionized the manufacturing industry by reducing production time and costs, increasing productivity, and enabling the mass production of goods. It also paved the way for the development of assembly line production methods, which further accelerated industrialization and economic growth.

The planter aristocracy in the South dominated society and politics. This means that they had a significant amount of power and influence in the region, controlling both social and political aspects. They were the ruling class and held positions of authority, making decisions that affected the entire society. Their dominance in society and politics allowed them to shape the direction of the South and maintain their privileged position.

Joseph Smith is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the original prophet of the Mormon religion. He claimed to have received visions and revelations from God, which led to the establishment of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the early 19th century. Smith translated the Book of Mormon, which is considered a sacred text by Mormons. His teachings and leadership played a crucial role in shaping the beliefs and practices of the Mormon faith.

The correct answer is the enforced separation of slave families. This is the greatest psychological horror for slaves because it meant that they were torn apart from their loved ones, leading to immense emotional pain and trauma. The separation of families was a deliberate tactic used by slaveowners to maintain control and prevent slaves from forming strong bonds and organizing resistance. This practice also perpetuated a sense of powerlessness and hopelessness among slaves, as they were constantly living in fear of losing their family members.

Plantation agriculture was wasteful largely because of its excessive cultivation of cotton, which led to the despoliation of good land. This means that the continuous cultivation of cotton on the plantations depleted the nutrients in the soil, making it less fertile over time. As a result, the land became less productive and required more artificial means, such as fertilizers, to maintain crop yields. This excessive cultivation of cotton contributed to the wastefulness of plantation agriculture.

The correct answer is "commanded a sizable household staff of mostly female slaves." This answer is supported by the information provided in the question, which states that plantation mistresses had little contact with slaves and primarily controlled male slaves. Therefore, it can be inferred that they would have had a larger influence and control over the female slaves who worked in their households.

Charles Grandison Finney, as a revivalist preacher, advocated for all of the above options. He was a prominent figure in the Second Great Awakening, a religious revival movement in the early 19th century. Finney was a staunch abolitionist and actively spoke out against slavery. He also believed in the establishment of a perfect Christian kingdom on Earth, promoting social reforms and moral values. In addition, he opposed alcohol consumption and supported the idea of public prayer by women, challenging traditional gender roles in religious settings. Therefore, all of the given options align with Finney's beliefs and advocacy.

While Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and Gilbert Tennent were all leading figures of the First Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s, Charles Finney was a key preacher during the Second Great Awakening, which occurred in the early 19th century. Finney was known for his fervent revival meetings and his emphasis on personal conversion and social reform.

The four options, Brigham Young, The Book of Mormon, Salt Lake City, and Polygamy, are all related to the Mormon religion or its history. Brigham Young was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Book of Mormon is a sacred text of the Mormon faith, Salt Lake City is the headquarters of the Mormon Church, and Polygamy was practiced by early members of the Mormon Church. William Miller, on the other hand, was a prominent figure in the Millerite movement, a Christian group that believed in the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ. There is no direct connection between William Miller and the Mormon religion, making him the least related option.

Railroads could be built almost anywhere, which means they were not limited by geographical features like canals. This made railroads a more flexible and versatile mode of transportation. Canals required specific conditions such as a suitable water source and terrain, whereas railroads could be constructed on various terrains, including flat land or hilly areas. This flexibility in construction allowed railroads to easily connect different regions and expand their network, making them a preferred choice for transportation.

The correct answer is labor unions were not illegal conspiracies. In the case of Commonwealth verses Hunt, the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies. This ruling was significant as it established the legality of labor unions and their right to organize and advocate for workers' rights. It set a precedent for future labor laws and protected the rights of workers to collectively bargain and negotiate for better wages, working conditions, and benefits.

Native-born Americans feared that Catholic immigrants would "establish" the Catholic church at the expense of Protestantism. This fear stemmed from the belief that Catholicism would become the dominant religion in the United States, leading to a decline in Protestant influence and control. This fear was fueled by anti-Catholic sentiment and the perception that Catholics were loyal to the Pope and not to the United States.

The four individuals mentioned, Nat Turner, David Walker, Denmark Vesey, and Gabriel, were all key figures in slave rebellions or uprisings in the United States. John Quincy Adams, on the other hand, was the sixth president of the United States and was not directly involved in any slave rebellions or uprisings. Therefore, John Quincy Adams has the least in common with the other four individuals.

Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin believed in the existence of a supreme being who created the universe. They rejected the idea of divine revelation and did not believe in original sin or the deity of Christ. While they may have had different beliefs about the nature of this supreme being, they both agreed that there was a higher power responsible for the creation of the universe. They did not endorse the idea of the imminent end of the world, as they focused more on rationality and scientific inquiry.

The second great awakening tended to promote religious diversity by encouraging individuals to explore and embrace various religious beliefs and practices. This religious revival movement emphasized personal religious experiences and the importance of individual salvation, leading to the rise of new religious denominations and the spread of different religious ideas. As a result, people were exposed to a wider range of religious options and had the freedom to choose and practice their own faith, thus promoting religious diversity in society.

In the early nineteenth century, the American work force was characterized by substantial employment of women and children in factories. This means that a significant number of women and children were working in factories during this time period. This was a notable aspect of the work force during this era, highlighting the shift towards industrialization and the exploitation of vulnerable groups for labor.

Tax-supported public education was deemed essential for social stability and democracy. This means that the establishment of public schools funded by taxes was seen as crucial for maintaining social order and ensuring a functioning democratic society. It suggests that education was considered a means to promote social cohesion, provide equal opportunities, and foster active citizenship. This perspective highlights the belief that an educated population is necessary for a stable and democratic society to thrive.

The given answer, "government regulation of all major economic industry," is correct because the other options all contributed to a more dynamic, market-oriented, national economy in early nineteenth-century America. The push west in search of cheap land opened up new opportunities for settlement and economic growth. The influx of European immigrants brought new labor and entrepreneurial skills to the cities. The development of newly invented machinery and improved transportation infrastructure, such as better roads, faster steamboats, and canals, facilitated trade and economic expansion. However, government regulation of all major economic industries would have limited the free market and hindered the growth and dynamism of the economy.

The correct answer is that most slaves were raised in single unstable parent households. This is because slavery in the South often involved separating families, with children being sold away from their parents. Slaves were considered property and were not given the rights or stability of a traditional family structure. The other options are true of slavery in the South, including the development of a distinctive African American slave culture, the economic dependence of planters on their slaves, and the concentration of slaves in the "black belt" of the Deep South.

The Unitarians endorsed the concept of salvation through good works. This means that they believed that salvation could be achieved by performing good deeds and living a moral life. They did not believe in the traditional Christian concept of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ or the idea of original sin. Instead, they emphasized the importance of personal responsibility and ethical behavior in attaining salvation. Therefore, salvation through good works was a central belief for the Unitarians.

The correct answer is unitarians. Unitarians were a religious sect in the early nineteenth century that emphasized the use of reason and free will in matters of faith. They rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and believed in the unity of God. Unitarians placed a strong emphasis on individual interpretation of scripture and rejected the idea of original sin. They were known for their progressive views on social issues and their commitment to religious tolerance.

The second great awakening was a religious movement in the United States during the early 19th century. It resulted in the conversion of countless souls, encouraged humanitarian reforms, and strengthened democratic denominations like the baptist and methodists. It was also a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion. However, it was not as large as the first great awakening, which was a previous religious revival that occurred in the 1730s and 1740s.

The second great awakening tended to widen the lines between classes and regions because it emphasized individual salvation and personal responsibility. This led to a greater emphasis on social and economic success as signs of God's favor, which in turn deepened the divide between the wealthy and the poor. Additionally, the revivalist movement spread more rapidly in the rural areas of the South and West, further highlighting the regional differences in religious practices and beliefs. As a result, the second great awakening contributed to the growing divisions between different social classes and geographical regions in the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent abolitionist who advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery in the South. He believed that slavery was a moral evil and called for its immediate end, without any gradual emancipation or compensation to slaveholders. Garrison was a strong advocate for the rights and freedom of enslaved individuals, and he used his platform as an editor and writer to spread his message and rally support for the abolitionist cause. His dedication to the immediate abolition of slavery in the South set him apart from other abolitionists who advocated for gradual emancipation or colonization efforts.

The opponents of abolitionists in the North believed that they were creating disorder in America. This suggests that they saw the abolitionist movement as a disruptive force that was causing unrest and instability in the country. They likely viewed the abolitionists as agitators who were challenging the existing social and economic order, and therefore believed that their actions were detrimental to the overall well-being of the nation.

In the pre-Civil War South, armed insurrection was the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance. This is because slaves were heavily outnumbered and lacked access to weapons, making it difficult to organize and carry out successful armed uprisings. Additionally, the consequences of failed insurrections were severe, often resulting in harsh punishments and even greater oppression for the enslaved population. Therefore, while armed insurrection may have been a powerful symbol of resistance, it was not a practical or effective method for achieving freedom.

The deist faith embraced the reliance on reason rather than revelation, belief in a supreme being, belief in human beings' capacity for moral behavior, and denial of the divinity of Jesus. However, it did not embrace the concept of original sin. Deism rejected the idea that humans are born sinful due to the actions of Adam and Eve, instead emphasizing the importance of individual moral responsibility and the ability to reason.

The religious revivals of the second great awakening resulted in a strong religious influence in many areas of American life. This means that the revivals had a significant impact on various aspects of society, such as politics, education, and social reform movements. The religious fervor that emerged during this period led to the formation of new religious denominations, the spread of evangelical Christianity, and an emphasis on personal piety and moral behavior. This religious influence shaped the values and beliefs of many Americans and had a lasting impact on the country's cultural and social fabric.

The correct answer is the "burned over district" of New York. The "burned over district" refers to the region in western New York during the early 19th century that experienced intense religious revivals and fervent religious activity. It was during this time and in this location that the religious movement known as Mormonism, founded by Joseph Smith, emerged and gained followers. The movement eventually moved westward to Utah under the leadership of Brigham Young.

During the 1840s, Ireland experienced a devastating famine known as the Great Famine or the Potato Famine. As a result, a significant number of Irish people emigrated to other countries in search of better living conditions and opportunities. This mass migration of people can be considered Ireland's greatest export during that time. The answer "people" aligns with this historical context.

The characteristic of the Mormons that angered many non-Mormons was their emphasis on cooperative or group effort. This meant that they prioritized working together as a community and supporting one another, which may have been seen as exclusive or threatening to those outside the Mormon faith. The non-Mormons may have felt excluded or overshadowed by the strong sense of unity and cooperation within the Mormon community.

The given answer states that slaves were generally spared dangerous work. This suggests that slave owners often assigned slaves to tasks that were less hazardous compared to other types of work. This could be due to various reasons, such as the desire to protect their investment in slaves or to minimize the risk of injury or death. By sparing slaves from dangerous work, slave owners could ensure their productivity and longevity.

The correct chronological order is A, B, C. The American Colonization Society was founded first, followed by the American Anti-Slavery Society, and then the Liberty party. The American Colonization Society was established in 1816 with the goal of resettling free African Americans in Africa. The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833 and advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery. The Liberty party was formed in 1840 and sought political action to end slavery.

In the first half of the 19th century, tax-supported schools were primarily available to educate the children of the poor. This means that the government-funded schools were mainly accessible to children from lower-income families who could not afford private education. This indicates a focus on providing educational opportunities to those who were economically disadvantaged.

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The correct answer is "disliking the individuals but liking the race." This suggests that while Northern attitudes towards free blacks may have been racially prejudiced and negative towards individuals, they still held a more favorable view of the black race as a whole. It implies a distinction between racial prejudice and a more general acceptance or appreciation of the black community.

In early-nineteenth-century America, the correct answer is that the urban population was growing at an unprecedented rate. This can be inferred from the information provided in the question, which states that the annual population growth rate was much higher than in colonial days. Since the other answer choices do not directly relate to population growth, it can be concluded that the urban population was the main factor contributing to this increase.

The correct answer is "in stable two-parent households." This means that most slaves were raised in families that had both a mother and a father present in the household. This suggests that despite the oppressive conditions of slavery, some slaves were able to maintain stable family structures.

Wendell Phillips is described as the "abolitionist golden trumpet," which suggests that he played a significant role in advocating for the abolitionist cause. Frederick Douglass, a black abolitionist, is matched with the role of being an abolitionist martyr, indicating that he faced great risks and potentially sacrificed his life for the movement. Elijah P. Lovejoy is matched with being an abolitionist newspaper publisher, suggesting that he used his platform to spread the abolitionist message. Finally, William Lloyd Garrison is matched with being a black abolitionist, indicating that he was actively involved in advocating for the abolition of slavery.

Cyrus McCormick is matched with the invention of the Mower-reaper.

By 1850, organized religion in America had lost some of its austere Calvinist rigor. This means that the religious practices and beliefs had become less strict and severe compared to the colonial period. The influence of Calvinism, which emphasized predestination and strict moral codes, had diminished. This could be attributed to various factors such as the influence of other religious movements, changing social attitudes, and the increasing diversity of religious beliefs in America during this time.

During the 1800s, slavery was prevalent in the southern states of the United States. The newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana had a higher concentration of slaves compared to other regions. These states had large plantations that heavily relied on slave labor for their agricultural production, particularly in the cotton industry. Slaves in these states faced harsh conditions and were subjected to brutal treatment by their owners. Therefore, life for slaves was most difficult in the newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.

Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840 when they backed the Liberty party. The Liberty party was formed by abolitionists who believed in the immediate emancipation of slaves. They aimed to use political means to achieve their goal of ending slavery. By supporting the Liberty party's presidential candidate, abolitionists hoped to influence the political landscape and bring attention to the issue of slavery. This political action was seen as a way to advance the cause of abolition and push for legislative change.

The profitable southern slave system hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole because it relied heavily on slave labor, preventing the development of other industries and technologies. The focus on agriculture and the use of slaves as the primary source of labor limited diversification and innovation in the economy. Additionally, the system created a large wealth gap between slaveholders and non-slaveholders, leading to economic inequality and hindering overall economic growth.

The correct answer is supported by the black leader Martin Delany. Martin Delany was a prominent African American abolitionist and one of the early advocates for the idea of recolonizing blacks back to Africa. He believed that African Americans would never achieve true equality and freedom in the United States and instead proposed establishing a separate black nation in Africa. Delany's support for this idea made him a key figure in the back-to-Africa movement during the 19th century.

During the 1830s, the voice of white southern abolitionism fell silent. This can be attributed to the increasing tensions and conflicts over the issue of slavery in the United States. The 1830s marked a turning point in the debate on slavery, with the emergence of more radical pro-slavery arguments and the spread of pro-slavery sentiment in the South. The Nat Turner rebellion in 1831 also heightened fears among white southerners and further solidified their support for slavery. As a result, white southern abolitionists faced increasing opposition and were marginalized, leading to their silence in the 1830s.

The correct answer is "lacked much intellectual vitality." This suggests that while these denominational liberal arts colleges were academically distinguished institutions, they did not possess a significant amount of intellectual energy or vibrancy. This implies that they may have lacked innovative ideas or a strong intellectual culture.

With the development of cash-crop agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West, farmers quickly faced mounting indebtedness. This is because cash-crop agriculture required significant investment in equipment, seeds, and labor, which often led to farmers taking on debt. Additionally, the market for cash crops was unpredictable, and fluctuations in prices could further exacerbate farmers' financial struggles. As a result, many farmers found themselves burdened with increasing levels of debt, leading to financial hardship and the need for alternative solutions such as the idea of slave labor.

The dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860 contributed to a decline in the birthrate. As cities grew rapidly, there were increasing job opportunities and better access to education and healthcare, which led to a shift in people's priorities. Urban dwellers started to prioritize career and education over having large families, resulting in a decline in the birthrate. Additionally, urban living conditions were often cramped and unsanitary, which may have also contributed to a decrease in fertility rates.