Carbohydrates Part -II

Lactose is the correct answer because it is the sugar found in milk. Lactose is a disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose molecules. It is the primary carbohydrate in milk and is responsible for its sweet taste.

Ribose is the correct answer because it is the sugar found in RNA. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, and it contains ribose as its sugar component. Ribose is a 5-carbon sugar that plays a crucial role in the structure and function of RNA molecules. It forms the backbone of the RNA strand, linking together the nucleotide units and providing stability to the molecule. Deoxyribose, on the other hand, is the sugar found in DNA, not RNA. Ribulose and erythrose are different types of sugars that are not typically found in RNA.

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose molecules are joined together through a glycosidic bond, forming a sucrose molecule. This bond can be broken down by the enzyme sucrase during digestion, releasing glucose and fructose for absorption into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is glucose + fructose.

Mutarotation refers to the change in the optical rotation of a compound in solution over time. This change occurs due to the interconversion between different anomers (alpha and beta forms) of a sugar molecule. The rotation of polarized light changes as the equilibrium between these anomers shifts, resulting in a change in the observed optical rotation. Therefore, the correct answer is optical rotation.

Chitin is the correct answer because it is the polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of invertebrates. It is a strong and flexible substance that provides structural support and protection to the organisms. Pectin, cellulose, and chondroitin sulphate are not typically found in the exoskeletons of invertebrates.

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units linked together by a 1 → 4 glycosidic linkage. This means that the carbon 1 of the first glucose molecule is linked to the carbon 4 of the second glucose molecule. This type of linkage allows for the formation of a linear chain of glucose molecules in maltose. Sucrose, on the other hand, is composed of glucose and fructose units linked by a 1 → 2 glycosidic linkage. Cellulose is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by a 1 → 4 glycosidic linkage, while cellobiose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose units linked by a 1 → 4 glycosidic linkage, similar to maltose.

Inulin is used in assessing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is a polysaccharide that is freely filtered by the glomerulus and is not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules. This means that its clearance can be used to estimate the GFR, which is a measure of kidney function. Glycogen, agar, and hyaluronic acid are not commonly used for this purpose.

Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar because it does not have a free aldehyde or ketone group that can react with Benedict's reagent or Fehling's solution to form a precipitate. In contrast, isomaltose, maltose, and lactose are reducing sugars because they have a free aldehyde or ketone group that can undergo oxidation reactions with these reagents.

Isomaltose is a reducing sugar because it has a free aldehyde or ketone group that can participate in a redox reaction. Sucrose and trehalose are non-reducing sugars because they do not have a free aldehyde or ketone group. Agar is a complex polysaccharide and does not contain any sugar units, so it is not a reducing sugar.

The repeating units of hyaluronic acid are N-acetyl glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid.

Trehalose is a disaccharide formed by a 1,1-glycosidic linkage between its monosaccharide units. This means that the two monosaccharide units are linked together at their first carbon atoms. Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are also disaccharides, but they are formed by different types of glycosidic linkages. Therefore, trehalose is the correct answer in this case.

Invert sugar refers to the hydrolytic products of sucrose. When sucrose is hydrolyzed, it breaks down into its component sugars, glucose, and fructose. This process is known as inversion, hence the term "invert sugar." The resulting mixture of glucose and fructose has different properties than pure sucrose, such as being sweeter and having a higher moisture-retaining capacity.

Keratan sulphate is found in abundance in the cornea. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye that helps to focus light onto the retina. It is composed of several layers, one of which contains keratan sulphate. Keratan sulphate is a type of glycosaminoglycan, a molecule that helps to maintain the structure and function of connective tissues. In the cornea, keratan sulphate helps to provide strength and elasticity, contributing to the cornea's ability to maintain its shape and transparency.

Inulin is a type of dietary fiber that is found in many fruits and vegetables. It is a polymer made up of repeating units of fructose molecules. Therefore, the constituent unit of inulin is fructose. Fructose is a simple sugar that is naturally occurring in many fruits and is often used as a sweetener in processed foods.

Keratan sulphate is the glycosaminoglycan that does not contain uronic acid. Uronic acid is a key component of other glycosaminoglycans such as dermatan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, and heparan sulphate. Keratan sulphate is instead composed of repeating units of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, making it unique among the glycosaminoglycans.

Heparin is the glycosaminoglycan that does not contain uronic acid. Uronic acid is a key component of most glycosaminoglycans, but heparin is unique in that it does not contain uronic acid in its structure. Instead, heparin is composed of repeating units of glucosamine and glucuronic acid, which gives it its anticoagulant properties.

Agar is a homopolysaccharide that is commonly used as a plasma substitute for intravenous infusion. It is derived from seaweed and has the ability to form a gel-like substance when mixed with water. This gel-like property makes agar an ideal candidate for use as a plasma substitute because it can help to maintain blood volume and provide support to the circulatory system. Additionally, agar is biocompatible and has a low risk of adverse reactions, making it a safe option for intravenous use.

Agar is a heteroglycan because it is a complex mixture of polysaccharides, including agarose and agaropectin. It is derived from seaweed and is commonly used in microbiology as a solidifying agent for culture media. Dextrins, inulin, and chitin are all homoglycans, meaning they are composed of a single type of monosaccharide unit.

Dextrin is not the correct answer for the given question. The correct answer is glycogen. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is often referred to as animal starch. It is a highly branched molecule made up of glucose units and serves as a storage form of glucose in animals. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscles and can be broken down into glucose when energy is needed.

Maltose is a disaccharide formed by a 1,1-glycosidic linkage between two glucose monosaccharide units. This means that the two glucose molecules are joined together by a bond between the first carbon atom of one glucose molecule and the first carbon atom of the other glucose molecule. This type of linkage is specific to maltose and distinguishes it from other disaccharides such as lactose, trehalose, and sucrose.