Block 2 Laville Plasma Protein & Clotting

Ferritin is the correct answer because it is an iron storage protein. It helps to store iron in a non-toxic form and releases it when needed. Ferritin is found in cells and tissues throughout the body and plays a crucial role in regulating iron levels.

Amylase is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. In cases of acute pancreatitis, there is inflammation and damage to the pancreas, causing leakage of amylase into the blood. Therefore, elevated levels of amylase in the blood are indicative of pancreatic cell damage and are used as a diagnostic marker for acute pancreatitis. Acetyl cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase are not specific markers for pancreatitis.

Ceruloplasmin is a plasma protein that functions as a copper transport molecule and a superoxide scavenger. It helps transport copper throughout the body and also plays a role in removing harmful superoxide radicals.

Reduced concentrations of albumin can lead to edema because albumin is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood vessels. When albumin levels are low, fluid can leak out of the blood vessels and accumulate in the tissues, causing swelling and edema. Ferritin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, and haptoglobin do not have a direct role in maintaining osmotic pressure and therefore would not be expected to cause edema when their concentrations are reduced.

Haptoglobin is a plasma protein that binds to hemoglobin. When red blood cells are damaged or destroyed, hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream. Haptoglobin binds to free hemoglobin, preventing it from causing damage and facilitating its removal from the body. This helps to prevent oxidative stress and tissue damage. Therefore, the function of haptoglobin is to bind hemoglobin.

CK-BB is the correct protein that matches the described property of being increased in certain brain tumors. CK-BB, also known as creatine kinase brain-type, is an isoenzyme of creatine kinase that is predominantly found in the brain. Elevated levels of CK-BB in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid can be indicative of brain tumors.

Amylase is the correct protein that matches the described property of being increased in diseases of the pancreas. Amylase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that helps in the digestion of carbohydrates. When there is damage or inflammation in the pancreas, such as in pancreatitis, the levels of amylase in the blood can increase. Therefore, an increased level of amylase is indicative of pancreatic diseases.

neural tube, think fetal therefore FETO

If only this question were on the MIni

Transferrin is the correct answer for diagnosing iron deficiency. Transferrin is a protein that helps transport iron in the blood and is responsible for binding and carrying iron to various tissues in the body. In cases of iron deficiency, the levels of transferrin increase as the body tries to compensate for the lack of iron. Therefore, measuring transferrin levels can help in diagnosing iron deficiency.

Fibrinogen is a plasma protein that plays a crucial role in the process of blood clotting. When there is an injury or damage to blood vessels, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh-like structure to stop bleeding and promote the formation of a blood clot. Therefore, the function of fibrinogen is clotting.

Creatine kinase is a marker of muscle, myocardial infarction (MI), and brain tumor. Creatine kinase is an enzyme found in high levels in tissues with high energy demands, such as muscle and brain. Elevated levels of creatine kinase in the blood can indicate muscle damage, heart attack, or brain tumor. Therefore, creatine kinase is the correct answer for this question.

Ceruloplasmin is the correct protein that is reduced in Wilson's disease. Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate copper levels. Ceruloplasmin is a protein that plays a crucial role in copper transport and metabolism. In Wilson's disease, there is a deficiency of ceruloplasmin, leading to the accumulation of copper in various tissues, particularly the liver and brain. This can result in liver damage, neurological symptoms, and other systemic complications. Therefore, ceruloplasmin levels are reduced in individuals with Wilson's disease.

Alpha1-antitrypsin is the correct protein that matches the described property of high activity in the lung. This protein is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes, particularly elastase, and is mainly produced in the liver. However, it is also produced in the lung where it plays a crucial role in protecting lung tissue from damage caused by neutrophil elastase. Therefore, it exhibits high activity in the lung.

Alkaline phosphatase is the correct enzyme for diagnosing cholestatic liver disease and osteoblast activity in bone disease. Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in high levels in the liver and bones. In cholestatic liver disease, there is a decrease in bile flow, leading to the accumulation of bile acids and bilirubin in the liver. This causes an increase in alkaline phosphatase levels. In bone disease, alkaline phosphatase is released by osteoblasts during bone formation. Therefore, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase can indicate both liver and bone disorders.

Antithrombin III is the most important coagulation inhibitor. It is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating blood clotting by inhibiting the activity of several coagulation factors, including Factor IIa (also known as thrombin) and Factor X. Antithrombin III deficiency can lead to an increased risk of blood clots and thrombosis.

Cholinesterase is the correct protein that is affected by organophosphate ingestion. Organophosphates are a class of chemicals that inhibit the activity of cholinesterase, an enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the nervous system. When cholinesterase is inhibited, acetylcholine levels increase, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system. This can result in various symptoms such as muscle weakness, tremors, respiratory distress, and even death in severe cases. Therefore, the correct answer is Cholinesterase.

Vitamin K is necessary for the function of factors II, VII, IX, and X. This is because vitamin K plays a crucial role in the production of blood-clotting proteins, including these factors. Without sufficient vitamin K, these proteins cannot be properly activated, leading to impaired blood clotting and an increased risk of bleeding. Therefore, the correct answer is Vitamin K.

Factor X is the correct answer because it is the protein that requires factor IXa for activation.

Ceruloplasmin is the correct answer because Wilson's disease, malnutrition, and nephrotic syndrome are all conditions that can lead to a deficiency of ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a protein that plays a role in copper metabolism and transport in the body. In Wilson's disease, there is a genetic defect that impairs the body's ability to excrete copper, leading to copper accumulation and damage to various organs. Malnutrition and nephrotic syndrome can also cause a decrease in ceruloplasmin levels. Therefore, measuring ceruloplasmin levels can help diagnose these conditions.

Lactate dehydrogenase is a marker of muscle damage and myocardial infarction (MI). When there is muscle damage or MI, lactate dehydrogenase is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, an elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase indicates muscle damage or MI. g-Glutamyl transferase, acetyl cholinesterase, and cholinesterase are not specific markers for muscle damage or MI.

Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a plasma protein that functions as a protease inhibitor. Protease inhibitors are molecules that regulate the activity of proteases, enzymes that break down proteins. Alpha-1-antitrypsin specifically inhibits the activity of an enzyme called trypsin, which is involved in the breakdown of proteins in the body. By inhibiting trypsin, alpha-1-antitrypsin helps to maintain the balance of protease activity and prevent excessive protein breakdown.

vWF, or von Willebrand factor, is a protein that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. It binds to and stabilizes factor VIII, another protein involved in clot formation. This interaction between vWF and factor VIII is important for the normal functioning of the blood coagulation process.

proteins c and s combine to degrade factors 5 and 8

Urokinase is a substance responsible for degrading the fibrin clot. It is an enzyme that activates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, which then breaks down the fibrin clot. PAR 1,3,4 are receptors involved in platelet activation and aggregation. Factor IIa is also known as thrombin, which is involved in the clotting cascade. Factor I is also known as fibrinogen, which is converted to fibrin to form the clot. vWF (von Willebrand factor) is a protein involved in platelet adhesion. Vitamin K is a nutrient required for the production of clotting factors.

Tissue factor III is the factor that activates VII to VIIa.

Aspartate transaminase is the enzyme used to diagnose hepatocellular damage, which is a marker of myocardial infarction (MI). This enzyme is found in high levels in the liver and heart cells, and when these cells are damaged, it is released into the bloodstream. Therefore, elevated levels of aspartate transaminase indicate liver or heart damage, which can be a sign of MI. Alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and cholinesterase are not specific markers for hepatocellular damage or MI.

Hemolytic disorders are diagnosed with haptoglobin. Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that binds to free hemoglobin released from red blood cells during hemolysis. In hemolytic disorders, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to elevated levels of free hemoglobin in the blood. Haptoglobin binds to this free hemoglobin and forms a complex that is then cleared by the liver. Measuring haptoglobin levels can help in diagnosing and monitoring hemolytic disorders.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) are enzymes primarily found in the liver. An increase in their levels is commonly seen in hepatocellular disease, which refers to diseases affecting the liver cells. Cholinesterase, amylase, troponin I, CK-BB, and ALP are not specifically associated with hepatocellular disease.

Troponin I is a protein that is commonly used as a biomarker to diagnose myocardial infarction (heart attack). When there is damage to the heart muscle, troponin I is released into the bloodstream, indicating a heart attack. Therefore, it is increased in myocardial infarction. CK-BB, amylase, cholinesterase, ALP, and AST ALT are not specifically associated with myocardial infarction.

Cholinesterase is the correct answer because Scoline apnea, also known as succinylcholine-induced apnea, is a condition characterized by paralysis of the respiratory muscles after the administration of succinylcholine. This drug inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, succinylcholine prolongs the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Therefore, measuring the activity of cholinesterase can help diagnose Scoline apnea and other conditions related to acetylcholine metabolism.

C-Reactive protein is the correct answer because it is a protein that is commonly used as a marker for inflammation and infection. It is produced by the liver in response to inflammation in the body, and its levels can be measured using the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) test. This test is often used to detect and monitor infections and inflammatory conditions. Therefore, C-Reactive protein is the most appropriate protein to be associated with infection when using the ESR test.

Acetyl cholinesterase is found in nerve endings and erythrocytes, but not in plasma. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is primarily found in nerve synapses and neuromuscular junctions, where it helps to terminate the action of acetylcholine by hydrolyzing it into choline and acetate. Acetyl cholinesterase is not present in plasma because its role is specific to nerve cells and red blood cells.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is also secreted by activated platelets. It plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep.

Factor IIa, also known as thrombin, is the correct answer for this question. Thrombin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the process of blood clotting. It converts fibrinogen, a soluble protein, into fibrin, which forms the structural framework of blood clots. PAR 1,3,4 refers to protease-activated receptors, which are activated by thrombin. Urokinase, vWF, and Vitamin K are not directly involved in the hydrolysis of fibrinogen to fibrin.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is commonly used as a tumor marker for hepatocellular cancer. High concentrations of AFP are often observed in individuals with this type of cancer. Ferritin, haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin, albumin, and ceruloplasmin are proteins that are not specifically associated with hepatocellular cancer.

ALP (alkaline phosphatase) is a protein that is found in various tissues, including the liver and biliary ducts. In cases of biliary duct obstruction, there is a blockage in the flow of bile, which can lead to increased levels of ALP in the blood. Therefore, ALP is the correct protein that matches the described property of being increased in biliary duct obstruction.

Albumin is a protein that is commonly used to diagnose malnutrition, infections, malignancy, liver, kidney, and GI diseases. Low levels of albumin in the blood can indicate malnutrition or liver and kidney diseases, while high levels can suggest inflammation or infection. Therefore, albumin is a useful marker for assessing overall health and detecting various diseases and conditions.

C-reactive protein is a plasma protein that binds extracts of pneumococcal cell wall. This binding helps in the recognition and clearance of pneumococcal bacteria from the body.

Haptoglobin is the correct protein that matches the described property of being reduced in hemolytic conditions. Haptoglobin is a protein that binds to free hemoglobin released from red blood cells during hemolysis. In hemolytic conditions, such as certain types of anemia or blood transfusion reactions, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to the release of free hemoglobin into the bloodstream. Haptoglobin binds to this free hemoglobin and prevents its oxidative damage, leading to a decrease in the levels of haptoglobin in the blood.

Prothrombin is used in a coagulation screen, which is a test used to assess the blood's ability to clot. It is an essential protein in the clotting process and is converted into thrombin, which plays a crucial role in forming blood clots. Therefore, measuring prothrombin levels helps evaluate the functioning of the coagulation system.

PAR 1,3,4 are G-protein coupled thrombin receptors. These receptors are activated by thrombin, a protein involved in blood clotting. PAR 1,3,4 activation leads to various cellular responses, including platelet activation and inflammation. Factor IIa, also known as thrombin, is the enzyme responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clot formation. Urokinase is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Factor I, also known as fibrinogen, is a protein precursor to fibrin. vWF, or von Willebrand factor, is a protein involved in blood clotting. Vitamin K is a nutrient that plays a role in the activation of clotting factors.

Protein S is the correct answer because it is known to degrade factors Va and VIIIa when present at high levels. This degradation helps regulate the clotting process in the body. Tissue factor III, serotonin, antithrombin III, LACI, factor IIa, and factor X do not have this specific property of degrading factors Va and VIIIa.

Alpha-1 Proteinase Inhibitor = API

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme found primarily in the liver. Elevated levels of ALT in the blood indicate hepatocellular damage, as the enzyme is released into the bloodstream when liver cells are injured or destroyed. Therefore, measuring ALT levels is an important diagnostic tool for identifying liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer. Alkaline phosphatase is another liver enzyme, but it is not specific to hepatocellular damage and can also be elevated in other conditions such as bone disorders. Amylase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, while acetyl cholinesterase is involved in nerve transmission. Aspartate transaminase (AST) is also a liver enzyme, but it is not as specific for hepatocellular damage as ALT.

Proteinuria is the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine. To diagnose proteinuria, a urine test is conducted to measure the levels of various proteins. Among the proteins listed, a2-Macroglobulin is the most commonly used marker for diagnosing proteinuria. It is a large protein that is filtered by the kidneys and its presence in the urine indicates kidney dysfunction. Therefore, the correct answer is a2-Macroglobulin.

Mylomas and renal failure are indicated by B2-Microglobulin. This protein is a component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and is found on the surface of almost all nucleated cells. Elevated levels of B2-Microglobulin in the blood and urine can be a sign of multiple myeloma, a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow, and renal failure, which is a condition where the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste from the blood. Therefore, B2-Microglobulin is the protein that indicates these conditions.

g-Glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a sensitive marker of liver cell damage. GGT is an enzyme that is primarily found in the liver and is involved in the metabolism of glutathione, a key antioxidant. When liver cells are damaged, GGT is released into the bloodstream, leading to increased levels of GGT in the blood. Therefore, elevated levels of GGT can indicate liver cell damage or dysfunction. Lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and acetyl cholinesterase are also liver enzymes, but they are not as specific or sensitive markers of liver cell damage as GGT.

Immunoglobulins are proteins produced by the immune system to help fight off infections and diseases. Liver disease, infections, and paraproteinemias can all be diagnosed by measuring the levels of immunoglobulins in the blood. Abnormal levels of immunoglobulins can indicate the presence of these conditions. Therefore, immunoglobulins are the correct protein to diagnose liver disease, infections, and paraproteinemias.

Acid glycoprotein is a plasma protein that is involved in tissue repair. It helps in the healing process of damaged tissues by promoting cell proliferation and migration to the injured site. Acid glycoprotein plays a crucial role in the regeneration and remodeling of tissues after injury or inflammation.