Bk Ch 2 Spelling/Vocabulary

Explanation
Matter refers to anything that occupies space and has mass. It includes both tangible objects like solids, liquids, and gases, as well as intangible entities like energy and particles. Matter is composed of atoms and molecules, which interact with each other through various forces. This definition encompasses all physical substances and materials that exist in the universe, making it the correct answer.

Explanation
Heat is the thermal energy that flows from higher temperatures to lower temperatures. It is a form of energy transfer that occurs due to the temperature difference between two objects or systems. Heat always flows from hotter objects to cooler objects until thermal equilibrium is reached. This transfer of energy can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Heat is an important concept in thermodynamics and plays a crucial role in various natural and technological processes.

Explanation
The term "melting point" refers to the specific temperature at which a substance undergoes a phase change from a solid state to a liquid state. This is the temperature at which the intermolecular forces holding the particles together in a solid become weak enough to allow the particles to move freely and take on the characteristics of a liquid.

Explanation
The kinetic and potential energy of the particles of a substance refers to the energy associated with their motion and position. Thermal energy is the correct answer because it encompasses both forms of energy and represents the overall energy content of a substance due to the random motion of its particles.

Explanation
The freezing point refers to the temperature at which attractive forces start to trap particles and crystals begin to form. It is the point where a substance changes from a liquid state to a solid state due to the decrease in temperature. At this temperature, the particles in the substance slow down and arrange themselves in a regular pattern, forming a solid crystal lattice structure.

Explanation
The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid starts to vaporize and enter the gaseous state. It is the point at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure, causing bubbles of vapor to form throughout the liquid. At this temperature, the liquid undergoes a phase change from a liquid to a gas, and it is commonly used to separate substances in processes like distillation.

Explanation
Evaporation is the correct answer because it refers to the process where individual particles of liquid escape from the surface and form a gas. During evaporation, the liquid molecules gain enough energy to break free from the liquid phase and become vapor. This process occurs at any temperature, but it is more rapid at higher temperatures. Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle, as it helps in the formation of clouds and precipitation.

Explanation
Condensation is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which particles, such as water vapor, cool down and move slowly enough for their attractive forces to bring them together. This results in the formation of a droplet of liquid, such as water droplets forming on a cold surface or clouds forming in the atmosphere.

Explanation
Vaporization is the process in which a liquid changes into a gas. This occurs when the temperature of the liquid reaches its boiling point and the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. During vaporization, the intermolecular forces holding the liquid particles together are overcome, allowing the particles to escape into the gas phase. This process is commonly observed when water boils and turns into steam.

Explanation
Pressure is defined as the amount of force applied per unit of area. It is a measure of how much force is distributed over a given surface area. When a force is applied to an object, the pressure is determined by dividing the force by the area over which it is applied. Therefore, pressure can be thought of as the intensity or concentration of force on a particular area.

Explanation
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change. It is a fundamental concept in physics and is defined as the capacity of a system to perform work. Energy exists in various forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, and electrical, among others. It is essential for all processes and activities in the universe, from the movement of objects to the functioning of living organisms. Without energy, nothing would be able to happen or change.

Explanation
Pascal's principle refers to the pressure applied at any point to a confined fluid being transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid. It states that when pressure is applied to a fluid in a closed system, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. This principle is based on the understanding that fluids are not compressible, meaning that any change in pressure applied to a fluid will be transmitted uniformly throughout the fluid. Pascal's principle is commonly used in hydraulic systems and plays a crucial role in various applications, such as hydraulic lifts and brakes.

Explanation
Density is a physical property that refers to the mass of an object divided by its volume. It is a measure of how much mass is packed into a given volume. Objects with higher density have more mass in a smaller volume, while objects with lower density have less mass in a larger volume. Density is commonly used to compare the "heaviness" of different materials or substances. It is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume, and its units are typically expressed as grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) or kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³).

Explanation
When an object is placed in a fluid, it experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. This is known as Archimedes' principle. The principle states that the weight of the object in the fluid is reduced by an amount equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. This is because the fluid exerts an upward force on the object, counteracting some of its weight. Therefore, the correct answer is Archimedes' principle.

Explanation
The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object immersed in it is called buoyant force. This force is a result of the displaced fluid pushing back on the object with a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. This force is responsible for the phenomenon of flotation, where objects that are less dense than the fluid they are immersed in are able to float. The buoyant force acts in the opposite direction to gravity, allowing objects to experience an apparent weight reduction when submerged in a fluid.