Biology Questions On Biomolecules Quiz

[NOTRIVIA]

Maltose is a disaccharide, which means it is composed of two monosaccharide units. Specifically, maltose is made up of two glucose molecules linked together. This makes it a type of sugar that is commonly found in grains, such as barley and malted barley. It is often used in brewing and baking processes, as well as in the production of certain food products.

Enzymes are a type of protein biomolecule. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids and enzymes are a specific type of protein that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. They speed up the rate of these reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are essential for many biological processes and play a crucial role in metabolism, digestion, and other cellular functions.

Covalent bonds occur in organic compounds. These bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of stable molecules. In organic compounds, carbon is the central element, and it forms covalent bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. This sharing of electrons allows organic compounds to have a wide range of structures and properties, making them essential for life processes and the basis of organic chemistry.

Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction that joins monomers together to form polymers, with the loss of a water molecule. It is an anabolic process, meaning it builds up larger molecules from smaller ones. The opposite process, hydrolysis, breaks down polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule.

B is correct. A is glucose, a monosaccharide. C is glycerol, one of the compounds that make triglyceride (which is a polymer of lipid when glycerol is bound with fatty acids). D is a nucleotide (phosphate group, sugar denoted by the pink pentagon, nitrogeneous base indicated by the blue shapes).

The four nitrogen bases in DNA are Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. These bases are the building blocks of DNA and are responsible for carrying the genetic information. Uranine, Cryonine, Hexanine, and Pentanine are not nitrogen bases found in DNA.

Glycogen is the polysaccharide found in mammals.

Cellulose and starch are the polysaccharides found in plants.

The bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are formed through a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. These bonds are crucial for the formation of proteins, as they link the individual amino acids together to create a polypeptide chain.

Lipids are organic molecules that are insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar solvents. They are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. These elements are essential components of the fatty acids and glycerol molecules that make up lipids. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) are not typically found in lipids, making them incorrect choices for this question. However, Phospholipids are a major class of lipids that contain phosphorus. Their structure includes a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone, along with two fatty acid chains. The presence of the phosphate group gives phospholipids a hydrophilic "head" and hydrophobic "tails," making them essential for forming biological membranes like the cell membrane.

Remember that enzymes work because they have specific shapes. Altering the shape alters how well they work. Changing pH and changing temperature can deform the enzyme and make it more difficult for the enzyme to work.

Enzyme function can also be affected by substrate concentration, however (where substrate concentration refers to how much substrate there is in a given volume). Take for instance if there are 4 enzymes and 4 substrates. Maximum efficiency is achieved because each enzyme has a substrate to act on. If you reduce the amount of substrate to 2 substrates, there's only half efficiency.

These factors act in a narrow range. What does this mean? Enzyme activity only has a narrow range of activity. Past a certain point, changing the factor won't have an effect. For instance, too high of a temperature deforms the enzyme. Past a certain temperature, the enzyme can't be deformed any more than it already is. With substrate concentration, take again the example of having 4 enzymes. Increasing the number of substrates to 5 or more wouldn't have much of an effect because there are only 4 enzymes.

Lipids make good cell membranes because they are insoluble in water. This is because lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water. The structure of lipids, with their long hydrocarbon chains, prevents them from interacting with water molecules. This property allows lipids to form a stable barrier that separates the inside and outside of the cell, protecting its contents.

Definition of organic molecule: has C-H bonds Definition of inorganic molecule: does NOT have C-H bonds

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon region that pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA, ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing protein chain. This process is essential for accurate and specific protein synthesis in cells.

The monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further into smaller sugar molecules. Maltose, sucrose, and lactose are disaccharides, which are composed of two monosaccharide units. Glycerol is a type of alcohol and a component of triglycerides, while aminase is not a sugar molecule. Therefore, glucose, fructose, and galactose are the only monosaccharides listed.

Proteins are primarily composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements form the amino acids that are the building blocks of proteins. Some proteins also contain sulfur, but the main elements are the four listed in option A.

Dehydration synthesis (also known as condensation reaction) is a process by which monomers are joined together to form polymers, with the release of a water molecule. This process is used to form:

Proteins: Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis to form polypeptides and proteins.

Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester bonds through dehydration synthesis to form DNA and RNA.

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds through dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Lipids are formed through a different process involving the esterification of fatty acids with glycerol, which also involves the removal of water but is not typically referred to as dehydration synthesis in the same context as the formation of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.