Biology Chapter 13 - 2019 Batch
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- 1.
Which of the following is a true statement about sexual vs. asexual reproduction?
- A.
Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of plants and fungi.
- B.
In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of their genes to each of their offspring.
- C.
In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.
- D.
Sexual reproduction requires that parents be diploid.
- E.
Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.
Correct Answer
B. In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of their genes to each of their offspring.Explanation
In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of their genes to each of their offspring. This is because sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) from two parents, resulting in offspring that inherit a combination of genetic material from both parents. Each parent contributes half of their genetic material, resulting in offspring that have a mix of genes from both parents. This genetic diversity is one of the advantages of sexual reproduction, as it allows for adaptation to changing environments and increases the chances of survival for the offspring.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following defines a genome?
- A.
Representation of a complete set of a cell's polypeptides
- B.
The complete set of an organism's polypeptides
- C.
The complete set of a species' polypeptides
- D.
The complete set of a species' polypeptides
- E.
The complete set of an organism's genes
Correct Answer
E. The complete set of an organism's genesExplanation
The genome is defined as the complete set of an organism's genes. It consists of all the genetic material, including both coding and non-coding regions, that is present in an organism's DNA. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building proteins, and they play a crucial role in determining an organism's traits and characteristics. Therefore, the correct answer is the complete set of an organism's genes.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The human X and Y chromosomes
- A.
Are both present in every somatic cell of males and females alike.
- B.
Are of approximately equal size and number of genes.
- C.
Are almost entirely homologous, despite their different names
- D.
Include genes that determine an individual's sex
- E.
Include only genes that govern sex determination.
Correct Answer
D. Include genes that determine an individual's sexExplanation
The human X and Y chromosomes include genes that determine an individual's sex. This is because the presence of certain genes on the Y chromosome leads to the development of male characteristics, while the absence of these genes on the X chromosome results in the development of female characteristics. Therefore, the presence or absence of specific genes on the X and Y chromosomes determines whether an individual will be male or female.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?
- A.
The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell.
- B.
The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.
- C.
Each cell has eight homologous pairs.
- D.
During the S phase of the cell cycle there will be 32 separate chromosomes.
- E.
A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.
Correct Answer
C. Each cell has eight homologous pairs.Explanation
A species with a chromosome number of 2n = 16 means that each cell of the species has 16 chromosomes, arranged in 8 homologous pairs. In a diploid organism, the chromosome number is doubled during the S phase of the cell cycle, so there will be 32 separate chromosomes during this phase. However, the statement that each cell has eight homologous pairs is true for this species.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of these statements is false?
- A.
In humans, each of the 22 maternal autosomes has a homologous paternal chromosome.
- B.
In humans, the 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, determines whether the person is female (XX) or male (XY).
- C.
Single, haploid (n) sets of chromosomes in ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote.
- D.
At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis.
- E.
Sexual life cycles differ with respect to the relative timing of meiosis and fertilization.
Correct Answer
D. At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis.Explanation
The statement that is false is "At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis." This is incorrect because meiosis is the process by which diploid cells (containing two sets of chromosomes) divide to form haploid cells (containing one set of chromosomes), which are the gametes. Therefore, gametes are haploid, not diploid.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Referring to a plant's sexual life cycle, which of the following terms describes the process that leads directly to the formation of gametes?
- A.
Sporophyte meiosis
- B.
Gametophyte mitosis
- C.
Gametophyte meiosis
- D.
Sporophyte mitosis
- E.
Alternation of generations
Correct Answer
B. Gametophyte mitosisExplanation
The correct answer is gametophyte mitosis. In the plant's sexual life cycle, the gametophyte is the haploid generation that produces gametes. Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells. Therefore, gametophyte mitosis refers to the division of cells in the gametophyte generation, leading directly to the formation of gametes.Rate this question:
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- 7.
At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?
- A.
Prophase
- B.
Metaphase
- C.
Anaphase
- D.
Telophase
- E.
Interphase
Correct Answer
B. MetaphaseExplanation
Chromosomes are usually photographed in the metaphase stage of mitosis in the preparation of a karyotype. During metaphase, the chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell and are easily visible and distinguishable. This stage allows for clear visualization and analysis of the chromosomes' structure and number, which is essential for creating a karyotype.Rate this question:
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- 8.
A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?
- A.
63 chromosomes in 31 1/2 pairs
- B.
63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3
- C.
63 chromosomes, each with three chromatids
- D.
21 chromosome pairs and 21 unique chromosomes
Correct Answer
B. 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3Explanation
A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. In this case, the diploid species usually has 42 chromosomes per cell. Since triploid means three sets, the triploid cell would have 3 x 42 = 126 chromosomes in total. Dividing this by 3, we get 126/3 = 42 chromosomes in each set. Therefore, the cell would be expected to have 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which life cycle stage is found in plants but not animals?
- A.
Gamete
- B.
Zygote
- C.
Multicellular diploid
- D.
Multicellular haploid
- E.
Unicellular diploid
Correct Answer
D. Multicellular haploidExplanation
Plants have a unique life cycle that includes a multicellular haploid stage called the gametophyte. This stage is not found in animals, as they do not have alternation of generations like plants do. The gametophyte is responsible for producing gametes (reproductive cells) through mitosis. After fertilization, the gametes form a zygote, which develops into a multicellular diploid stage called the sporophyte. Therefore, the correct answer is multicellular haploid.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during
- A.
Mitosis
- B.
Meiosis I
- C.
Meiosis II
- D.
Fertilization
- E.
Binary fission
Correct Answer
B. Meiosis IExplanation
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, with one chromosome from each pair moving to opposite poles of the dividing cell. This process is known as disjunction. This ensures that each resulting daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes, which is necessary for the formation of gametes. In mitosis, homologous chromosomes do not pair up and separate in this manner. Meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids, not homologous chromosomes. Fertilization is the fusion of gametes, and binary fission is a type of cell division in prokaryotes.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that
- A.
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase.
- B.
DNA replicates before the division.
- C.
The daughter cells are diploid.
- D.
Homologous chromosomes synapse.
- E.
The chromosome number is reduced
Correct Answer
A. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase.Explanation
During meiosis II, sister chromatids separate during anaphase. This is similar to what happens during mitosis, where sister chromatids also separate during anaphase. In both processes, the separation of sister chromatids ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. This is essential for the proper distribution of genetic material and the formation of genetically diverse gametes. The other options listed are not correct because DNA replication occurs before meiosis I, the daughter cells in meiosis II are haploid (not diploid), homologous chromosomes synapse during meiosis I (not meiosis II), and the chromosome number is reduced during meiosis I (not meiosis II).Rate this question:
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- 12.
If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would be
- A.
0.25x
- B.
0.5x
- C.
X
- D.
2x
- E.
4x
Correct Answer
C. XExplanation
During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the DNA content of a diploid cell is x, which means it has a complete set of chromosomes. In meiosis II, the cell undergoes another round of division, resulting in the separation of sister chromatids. Each daughter cell receives half of the original DNA content. Therefore, the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II would still be x, as it retains the same amount of DNA as the original diploid cell.Rate this question:
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- 13.
How many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can be packaged in gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n = 8)?
- A.
2
- B.
4
- C.
8
- D.
16
- E.
32
Correct Answer
D. 16Explanation
In an organism with a diploid number of 8, there are 8 pairs of chromosomes. During gamete formation, each pair of chromosomes can segregate independently, resulting in different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes. The number of possible combinations is determined by the formula 2^n, where n is the number of chromosome pairs. In this case, n is 8, so the number of different combinations is 2^8 = 256. However, since the question asks for the number of combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes, we divide 256 by 2 (since each combination can be either maternal-paternal or paternal-maternal), resulting in 128. Therefore, the correct answer is 128.Rate this question:
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- 14.
When does the synaptonemal complex disappear?
- A.
Late prophase of meiosis I
- B.
During fertilization or fusion of gametes
- C.
Early anaphase of meiosis I
- D.
Mid-prophase of meiosis II
- E.
Late metaphase of meiosis II
Correct Answer
A. Late prophase of meiosis IExplanation
The synaptonemal complex is a structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It is responsible for holding the chromosomes together and facilitating crossing over. The complex disappears in late prophase of meiosis I, specifically during the diplotene stage. This is when the chromosomes start to condense and separate, leading to the formation of tetrads.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Chromatids are separated from each other.
- A.
The statement is true for mitosis only.
- B.
The statement is true for meiosis I only.
- C.
The statement is true for meiosis II only
- D.
The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis I.
- E.
The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.
Correct Answer
E. The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.Explanation
During mitosis, chromatids are separated from each other as they are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, resulting in the formation of two identical daughter cells. In meiosis II, chromatids are also separated from each other during the process of cell division, but this occurs after the homologous chromosomes have already been separated in meiosis I. Therefore, the correct answer is that the statement is true for both mitosis and meiosis II.Rate this question:
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- 16.
In this picture, A represent
- A.
Haploid unicellular
- B.
Haploid multicellular
- C.
Gametes
- D.
Spores
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Haploid unicellularExplanation
The correct answer is Haploid unicellular because A in the picture represents a single cell that is haploid, meaning it has only one set of chromosomes. This is different from multicellular organisms that have multiple cells and diploid organisms that have two sets of chromosomes. Gametes and spores are also haploid, but they are not necessarily unicellular.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which phase of meioses this picture shows
- A.
Anaphase l
- B.
Metaphase ll
- C.
Metaphase l
- D.
Anaphase ll
- E.
Metaphase
Correct Answer
B. Metaphase llExplanation
The picture most likely shows Metaphase II of meiosis because during this phase, the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids. This is consistent with the image shown, where the chromosomes appear to be aligned in a single file line at the center of the cell.Rate this question:
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- 18.
In this picture A represent
- A.
Alleles
- B.
Locus
- C.
Cohesion
- D.
Synaptonemal
- E.
Genes
Correct Answer
D. SynaptonemalExplanation
The correct answer is Synaptonemal. In this picture, A represents the synaptonemal complex, a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It helps to align the chromosomes and facilitate the exchange of genetic material between them. Alleles, locus, cohesion, and genes are all related to genetics and meiosis, but they do not specifically represent the structure shown in the picture.Rate this question:
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- 19.
A tetrad includes which of the following sets of DNA strands?
- A.
Two single-stranded chromosomes that have synapsed
- B.
Two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed
- C.
Four sets of sister chromatids
- D.
Four sets of unique chromosomes
- E.
Eight sets of sister chromatids
Correct Answer
B. Two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsedExplanation
A tetrad refers to the structure formed during meiosis when two homologous pairs of sister chromatids come together and undergo synapsis. This results in the formation of a tetrad, which consists of two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed. This process allows for genetic recombination and ensures the proper distribution of genetic material during meiosis.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?
- A.
I
- B.
II
- C.
IV
- D.
V
- E.
VI
Correct Answer
A. I -
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