Bases, pentoses, and phosphates all contribute
Only bases
Only bases and pentoses
Only pentoses and phosphates
TTAAGGCC
CCGGAATT
UUAAGGCC
CCGGAAUU
MRNA
TRNA
SS RNA
All rRNA's
MRNA
TRNA
RRNA
SnRNA
AGP, pAC, pAA
AGPp, AC, pAA
AGp, TAp, CAA
AG, TAp, pCCA
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in a 5' --> 3' direction
A primer strand of DNA must contain a free 3'-OH end
The primer strand of DNA determines which nucleotides are added next
The correct complementary hydrogen bonding between base pairs is the primary check on the fidelity of the newly synthesized DNA
Decreasing the concentration of DNA
Increasing the concentration of NaCl in the solution
Adding 1% urea (an organic denaturant)
All of the above
The sugars are located in the interior of the double helix
B
A left-handed helix
it has 12 bases per turn
It is found in vivox
All of the above
500
50
450
350
Changing the temperature
Increasing salt concentration
The action of topoisomerase
The action of a nuclease such as pancreatic DNAse
Higher salt concentration in the buffer
Higher GC content in the DNA
PH higher than 10 in the buffer
Longer DNA fragments
ATGCATGCATGCATGC / TACGTACGTACGTACG
AAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCC / TTTTTTTTTGGGGGGGGC
ATATATATGCGCGCGCGC / TATATATACGCGCGCGCG
CATTAAGCAGTGCTTAAGA / GAATTCGTCACGAATTCT
The absorbance at 260 decreases about 40%
The hgiher the G+C content, the higher the melting temperature
The transition from dsDNA to ssDNA is highly cooperative
The fraction of DNA that is single stranded is 0.5 at its Tm
It serves as the start point for the new DNA strand
It serves as a guide in determining the next nucleotide to be added by the polymerase
It increases the processivity of the DNA polymerase
It is essential for the 3-5' exonuclease activity
It recognizes the abnormality in the duplex DNA structure.
It nicks the DNA to provide a 3'-OH
It removes the damaged section of DNA with its 5'-3' exonuclease activity
It ligates the DNA after the repair synthesis
It insures the fidelity of the newly synthesized DNA strand
The DNA polymerases require a preexisting strand with a nucleotide having a 3'-OH.
The DNA polymerases require a preexisting strand with a nucleotide having a 5'-OH.
All of the above are correct
Are recessed with 5'-phosphates
Are recessed with 3'-OHs
Are extended with 5'-phosphates
Are extended with 3'-OHs
DNA polymerase I
Klenow fragment
DNA polymerase II
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase activity
5'-3' exonuclease activity
The large fragment from the C-terminal end of the polymerase
3'-5' exonuclease activity
Is primarily carried out by DNA polymerase I
Is synthesized continuously
This DNA strand is synthesized in a 3'-5' direction of synthesis
Is initially synthesized as Okazaki fragments
It syntheslzes the RNA primer in DNA repllcation.
It is a specific RNA polymerase
It is essential for DNA replication
It is also a gyrase
DNA polymerase alpha
DNA polymerase alpha
DNA polymerase delta
DNA polymerase alpha
It is responsible for incorporating most of the nucleotides in the lagging strand
It synthesizes most of the leading strand prior to aiding in the synthesis of the lagging strand
It contains a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity
It synthesizes the leading strand and the lagging strand at the same time
Primase
DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase III
DNA gyrase
The cell contains more molecules of DNA pol I than DNA pol III
DNA pol I is a single polypeptide with three domains
DNA pol I is involved in the repair of UV damaged DNA
DNA pol I has a larger turnover number than DNA pol III
It functions int he replication but not in the repair of DNA
It forms a "DNA-AMP" covalent complex during the reaction it catalyzes
It can seal nicks in the dsDNA as long as the adjacent nucleotides surrounding the nick contain a free 3' hydroxyl and a 5' phosphate
It catalyzes the formation of a phosphoester bond in dsDNA
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase III
Klenow fragment from DNA polymerase I
GCGCGCGCGCGC / CGCGCGCGCGCG
GGGGGGGGCGA / CCCCCCCCGCC
ATGCATGC / TACGTACG
GGCCGGCCGG / CCGGCCGGCC
The dNTP hydrolysis to produce the incorporated NMP and the PPi
The nature of the strong connecting bonds formed int he linked nucleotides
The dNTP hydrolysis and the subsequent hydrolysis of PPi by pyrophosphatase
The inherent stability of the synthesized DNA polynucleotide
The start base for transcription in DNA
The binding site in DNA for regulatory proteins which stimulate or further promote the level of transcription
The site on DNA at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
The general region of DNA downstream from the start site.
Alpha, beta, and beta'
Alpha, beta, beta', and gamma holoenzyme
TFIID, SP1 and enhancer protein
TF IIIA, TFIIIB, and TFIIIC
Alpha
Beta
Beta prime
Gamma
Is located int he nucleolus and transcribes the major ribosomal RNA genes
Is located in the nucleoplasm (general nucleus) and transcribes protein-encoding genes
Transcribes the 5S RNA genes
Transcribes RNAs associated with mRNA processing (SNRP's)
The structural genes for lacZ, lacY, and lacA
The three structural genes listed in (a) and the operator and promoter sequences for these genes
All elements listed in (b) and the lacI gene
All elements in (c) and the promoter for lacI
They can occur within a gene
They can occur either 3' or 5' to the gene
They can be in either orientation
They can be placed at different distances from the gene without changing their influence
A
B
The rho protein
DNA polymerase
Ribosomes
RNA polymerase holoenzyme
Lac 1
Lac 2
Gene coding for the gamma-subunit of RNA polymerase
Gene encoding the catabolite activator protein
It transcribes the DNA sense strand
It transcribes the DNA antisense strand
It transcribes only protein genes
It translates DNA into protein
It consists of approximately 60 bp of dsDNA
It is recognized and bound by the gamma-subunit of RNA polymerase holoenzyme
The base sequences centered at -10 of various promoters are not identical but almost always differ by two or fewer bases from the consensus sequence
It contains a "GC rich" consensus seuqence centered at =10 called the Pribnow box
Uracyl forms unstable hydrogen bonds
Cytosine spontaneously becomes uracyl
Thymine can do the same function as uracyl
Uracyl can only from glycosidic bonds with ribose
AATCGATTCGGGCTATA
TTAGCTAAGCCCGATAT
The primer strand plus TTAGCTAAGCCCG
TTAGCTAAGCCCG
Gyrase
Topoisomerase II
Helicase
Topoisomerase I
DNA Polymerase III
DNA Polymerase gamma
DNA Polymerase delta
Gene families
An operon
Housekeeping genes
Oncogenes
Any place int he DNA after the promoter site
Any place in the DNA at the noncoding region
A consensus sequence that goes from 3' to 5'
Any region in the DNA that is closer to the 5' end
Decreases the size of the telomeres
Extends the 3' end of the telomeres lagging strand
It is not found in vertebrates
Uses a DNA primer to enxtend DNA
Lac I
Lac 2
Gene coding for the gamma-subunit of RNA polymerase
Gene encoding the catabolite activator protein
It does not contain a 3' or 5' exonuclease activity
Its holoenzyme contains four different subunits organized as alpha beta beta prime, gamma
It synthesizes mRNA, tRNA, rRNA as well as the RNA primers during replication
It uses the nucleotides UTP, GTP, ATP, and CTP as substrates
It consists of approximately 60 bp of dsDNA
It is recognized and bound by the gamma subunit of RNA polymerase holoenzyme
The base sequences centered at -10 of various promoters are not identical but always differ by two or fewer bases form the consensus sequence
It contains a "GC rich" consensus sequence centered at -10 called the pribnow box
Depurinated
Dephosphorylated
Annealed
Less active
2
3
4
1
ATP
UTP
CTT
GTP
Antisense DNA
MRNA
Sense DNA
HnRNA
PG, pATAC
PGp, ATAC
PGATA, pC
PGATAp, C
Both are 5'-3'
One is 5'-3' and other is 3'-5'
Both are 3'-5'
None of the above
DNA
MRNA
RRNA
TRNA
RNA is single stranded
DNA is more basic
DNA is complexed with proteins
RNA has a 2-OH group
The dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (DTP)
The primer strand
The template strand has been synthesized with stops in it
One of the dNTPs
ATGCATGCATGCATGCACGTACGTACGTACG
ATATATATGCGCGCGCGCTATATATACGCGCGCGCG
CATTAAGCAGTGCTTAAGAGTAATTCGTCACGAATTCT
AAAAAAAAACCCCCCCCTTTTTTTTTGGGGGGGG
The DNA is primarily in the B-helix
The DNA is circular and supercoiled
The DNA exists as a right handed double helix
The DNA is one large linear piece about 4000 kb in length
% of A = % of G
% of C = % of T
% of PURINES = % of PYRIMIDINE
% of Percent Base Composition in any organism is the same in all cells of the organism and is characteristic of that
The strands are parallel
The strands are held by hydrogen bonds
The strands are complementary
The strands dissociate with high Urea
The nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria
The nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The nucleus, and mitochondria
The nucleus
It recognizes the abnormality in the duplex DNA structure
It removes the damaged section of DNA with its 5'-3' exonuclease activity
It nicks DNA to provide a 3'-OH
It ligates the DNA after the repair synthesis
It insures the fidelity of the newly synthesized DNA strand
The DNA polymerases require a preexisting strand with a nucleotide having a 5'-OH
The DNA polymerases require a preexisting strand with a nucleotide having a 3'-OH
All of the above are correct
It is essential for DNA replication
It synthesizes the RNA primer in DNA replication
It is also a gyrase
It is a specific RNA polymerase
Polymerase I
Ligase
RNA-H
DNAse
Somatic cells
Tumor cells
Senescent cells
Only found in prokaryotes
α (alpha)
γ (gamma)
σ (sigma)
δ (delta)
Positive supercoils BEHIND the transcription bubble
Positive supercoils IN FRONT of the transcription bubble
Negative supercoils IN FRONT of the transcription
A relaxed DNA during the transcription process
Serine
Aspartic Acid
Histidine
Tryptophan
At -10 from the ENHANCER ELEMENT
At -10 bp from the INITIATION SITE
At -35 bp from the OPERATOR
At -35 bp from STARTING CODON
AT regions
Poly A regions
UA regions
GC regions
Induction
Repression
Co-Induction
Co-Repression
Degeneracy
Synonymous codons
Unambiguous codons
All of the above
GUU
GAC
GGG
GAA
Can recognize the AUG codon
Are the same t-RNA but with different amino acids
Are used by eukaryotes and prokaryotes
None of the above
The t-RNA (Met) is used for INITIATION and ELONGATION
The t-RNA (Met) is used for INITIATION only
Is INITIATED with t-RNA (fMet)
There are two separate t-RNA (Met) used for INITIATION and ELONGATION
Composed of ribonucleotides
Contains a 3' phosphate
Composed of deoxyribonucleotides
Contains three phosphodiester bonds
Contains INTRON sequences not found in the final mature mRNA
Contains EXON sequences which are removed prior to translation
Encodes MORE THAN ONE protein
Can be found in the CYTOPLASM
MRNA
TRNA
RRNA
SnRNA
TRNA contains numerous intramolecular HYDROGEN BONDS between bases
There are MORE DISTINCT tRNA molecules than there are rRNA molecules
RRNA are complexed to PROTEINS in the ribosome
The MOST ABUNDANT RNA molecule in the cell is mRNA
DNA polymerase ADDS nucleotides in a 5'-3' direction
A PRIMER STRAND of DNA must contain a free 3'-OH end
The PRIMER STRAND of DNA DETERMINES which nucleotide are ADDED NEXT
The correct COMPLEMENTARY HYDROGEN BONDING between base pairs is the PRIMARY CHECK on the fidelity of the newly synthesized DNA
DECREASING the concentration of DNA
INCREASING the concentration of NaCl in the solution
ADDING 1% urea (an organic denaturant)
All of the above
A LEFT-HANDED helix
It has 12 BASES per turn
It is found IN VIVO
All of the above
Changing the TEMPERATURE
INCREASING the salt concentration
The action of TOPOISOMERASE
The action of a NUCLEASE such as pancreatic DNAse
The DNA is primarily in the BETA-helix
The DNA is CIRCULAR and SUPERCOILED
The DNA exists as a RIGHT-HANDED double helix
The DNA is one large LINEAR piece about 4000 kb in length
A 5'-3' EXONUCLEASE activity on a SECOND subunit in the POLYMERASE
A 3'-5' EXONUCLEASE activity
A 5'-3' DNA POLYMERASE activity
MODEST processivity (20 nucleotides)
It RECOGNIZES the ABNORMALITY in the duplex DNA structure
It NICKS the DNA to provide a 3'-OH
It REMOVES the DAMAGED section of DNA with its 5'-3' EXONUCLEASE activity
It LIGATES the DNA after the REPAIR synthesis
Are RECESSED with 5'-phosphates
Are RECESSED with 3'-OHs
Are EXTENDED with 5'-phosphates
Are EXTENDED with 3'-OHs
Replication is BIDIRECTIONAL
It INITIATES at a unique position called oriC
TORSIONAL STRESS introduced in the duplex DNA is relieved by DNA GYRASE
The UNWINDING of the duplex DNA is driven by the TRANSLOCATION of the DNA Polymerase
Is primarily carried out by DNA Polymerase I
Is synthesized CONTINUOUSLY
This DNA strand is synthesized int he 3'-5' direction of the synthesis
Is initially synthesized as OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
It synthesizes the RNA PRIMER in DNA replication
It is a SPECIFIC RNA polymerase
It is ESSENTIAL for DNA replication
It is also a GYRASE
DNA Polymerase γ (gamma)
DNA Polymerase δ (delta)
DNA Polymerase σ (sigma)
DNA Polymerase α (alpha)
It is responsible for incorporating MOST of the NUCLEOTIDES in the LAGGING strand
It synthesizes MOST of the LEADING strand PRIOR to aiding in the synthesis of the LAGGING strand
It contains a 3'-5' EXONUCLEASE activity
It synthesizes the LEADING strand and the LAGGING strand at the SAME TIME
The cells contain MORE MOLECULES of DNA pol I than DNA pol III
DNA pol I is a SINGLE POLYPEPTIDE with THREE domains
DNA pol I is involved in the REPAIR of UV-damaged DNA
DNA pol I has a LARGER TURNOVER number than DNA pol III
RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase III
KLENOW fragment from DNA polymerase I
A 5'-3' hnRNA TRANSCRIPT as the RNA polymerase moves in the 3'-5' direction on the DNA template
A mature RNA transcript a the RNA polymerase moves in the 5'-3' direction
An RNA transcript, with the SIGMA subunit of polymerase DISSOCIATING after the initiation event
An RNA transcript, which is COMPLEMENTARY to the SENSE strand of the DNA, except for the REPLACEMENT of the uridines for the thymidines
Association of proteins
Multiple subunites
Alternative splicing
Mutation
A mutation
A MISTAKE by the polymerase
A cytosine DEAMINATION
A probably ISOLATED RNA
260/280 = 2.0
280/260 = 1.8
260/280 = 1.8
260/240 = 1.6
W=0, L=20, T=20
W=20, L=20, T=0
T=20, L=20, W=40
L=40, W=20, T=20
Ribosomes
T-RNA
MRNA
RNA is NEVER double-stranded
A 3'-5' EXONUCLEASE activity
A 5'-3' DNA polymerase activity
A 5'-3' EXONUCLEASE activity ON A SECOND subunit in the polymerase
MODEST processivity (20 nucleotides)
POLYMERASE and 3'-EXONUCLEASE
3' and 5' EXONUCLEASE
POLYMERASE AND 5'-EXONUCLEASE
3' and 5' EXONUCLEASE, plus POLYMERASE
POLYMERASE, 5' and 3' EXONUCLEASE
POLYMERASE, 3' EXONUCLEASE
POLYMERASE, 5' EXONUCLEASE
POLYMERASE
POLYMERASE activity
5' EXONUCLEASE activity
3' EXONUCLEASE activity
ENDONUCLEASE activity
CUTS the DNA and RELIEVES supercoiling
It is also a GYRASE
UNWINDS DNA without cutting it
Needs GTP for energy
Pol III
KLENOW fragment
PRIMASE
Pol I
A LOOP on the LAGGING strand
By READING in the 5'-3' direction
By using ONE enzyme per strand
By moving BACKWARDS
OKAZAKI fragments
OriC
Ter LOCUS
The PROMOTER
Gyrase
Helicase
Primase
CONTRAhelicase
REVERSE transcriptase
Telomerase
Prokaryotic pol III
Primase
A protein
RRNA
T-RNA
All of the above
RNA Pol I
RNA Pol II
RNA Pol III
RNA Pol σ (sigma)
Promoter
The starting site
The OriC site
The template
LOOSER than the OPEN promoter COMPLEX
Form by RNA Pol CORE enzyme
TIGHTER than the OPEN promoter COMPLEX
None of the above
Delta
Sigma
Alpha
Beta
Is GC rich
Is AT rich
Has a SEQUENCE closest to CONSENSUS
Has a WEAKLY bound OPEN complex
BINDING of the REPRESSOR to the OPERATOR
BINDING of the INDUCER to the PROMOTER
DETACHING of the REPRESSOR from the OPERATOR
DETACHING of the INDUCER from the PROMOTER
Phosphorylated
CAMP adenylated
Glycosilated
None of the above