Bio 3 Exam Translation, DNA Replication, Transciption

mRNA stands for messenger RNA. It is a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. mRNA is transcribed from the DNA and contains the genetic code that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. It acts as an intermediary between the DNA and the protein synthesis machinery. Other types of RNA, such as tRNA, rRNA, and uRNA, have different functions in the cell and are not involved in carrying genetic information from the DNA.

In DNA, cytosine (C) is always basepaired with guanine (G). This is due to the specific hydrogen bonding patterns between the bases. Cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds with each other, creating a stable basepair. Thymine (T) is the complementary base for adenine (A), while uracil (U) is found in RNA instead of DNA. Therefore, the correct answer is guanine.

In DNA, thymine (T) is always basepaired with adenine. This is due to the complementary base pairing rule, where adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine. This pairing is essential for DNA replication and transcription processes, as it ensures that the genetic information is accurately copied and transcribed. Uracil, on the other hand, is found in RNA and replaces thymine in RNA molecules.

tRNA, also known as transfer RNA, is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. It recognizes the codons on the mRNA (messenger RNA) and brings the corresponding amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain. Unlike mRNA, which carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, tRNA plays a more direct role in protein synthesis. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a component of the ribosomes, while uRNA (unknown RNA) is not a recognized term in biology. Therefore, tRNA is the correct answer.

Adenine is always base paired with thymine in a DNA molecule. This is because adenine and thymine form a complementary base pair, where adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine. This base pairing is essential for the stability and replication of DNA. Guanine is base paired with cytosine, and uracil is found in RNA instead of thymine.

Guanine (G) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA. It forms a base pair with cytosine (C) through hydrogen bonding. This base pairing is a fundamental principle in DNA structure, where G always pairs with C and adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) in DNA molecules. This complementary base pairing is essential for DNA replication and transcription, as it ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information. Therefore, the correct answer is cytosine, as it is the base that pairs with guanine in DNA.

mRNA codons are read in groups of three nucleotides. Each three-nucleotide sequence on the mRNA molecule is called a codon and corresponds to a specific amino acid. This process is known as translation, where the mRNA sequence is decoded by the ribosome to synthesize a protein. The reading of codons in groups of three ensures that the correct amino acids are added to the growing protein chain, as each codon codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal. Therefore, the correct answer is three.

During DNA replication, a cell divides and creates a new cell that must have a copy of DNA. This is because DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before dividing. Each new cell needs a complete set of DNA in order to carry out its functions and maintain genetic information. Therefore, the correct answer is a copy of DNA.

rRNA stands for ribosomal RNA. It is the type of RNA that is found in the ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. rRNA plays a crucial role in the structure and function of ribosomes, as it helps in the binding of mRNA and tRNA during protein synthesis. It also catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. Therefore, rRNA is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the type of RNA that is found in ribosomes.

DNA replication occurs in the nucleus. This is where the DNA molecule is located in eukaryotic cells, and it is also where the necessary enzymes and proteins for replication are found. The process of DNA replication involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix and the synthesis of two new strands using the existing strands as templates. This replication process is essential for cell division and the transmission of genetic information to daughter cells.

The given DNA sequence is the complementary strand of the original DNA sequence. In DNA replication, the original DNA strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Therefore, the correct answer represents the newly synthesized DNA strand during replication.

DNA replication starts with a DNA molecule. This process involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix and the separation of the two strands. Each separated strand then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules. The DNA molecule is the starting point for the replication process because it contains the genetic information that needs to be copied and passed on to daughter cells.

Translation is the process in which proteins are made. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and involves the synthesis of proteins using the information encoded in mRNA molecules. During translation, ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids in the correct order to form a protein. This process is essential for the functioning of cells and is responsible for the production of all the proteins needed for various cellular processes.

Translation is the process in which the genetic information stored in mRNA is decoded and used to synthesize proteins. During translation, the ribosomes act as the site where the mRNA codons are read, and tRNA molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosomes. The tRNA molecules have an anticodon that base pairs with the mRNA codon, ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain. Therefore, the third step described in the question, where another tRNA brings its amino acids to ribosomes and base pairs mRNA codon, is characteristic of the translation process.

The RNA consensus sequence is CGUAAUCGGUAG because it is the only option that follows the pattern of the given DNA strand. The RNA sequence is formed by replacing each occurrence of T in the DNA with U, so the correct answer is the one that has U instead of T in the appropriate positions.

During DNA replication, the DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two strands. Each strand then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. As a result, two identical DNA molecules are produced, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

Translation is the process in which the genetic information encoded in RNA molecules is used to synthesize proteins. During translation, the ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids in the correct order to form a protein. Therefore, the correct answer is protein.

RNA is a single-stranded molecule that contains the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine, which is found in DNA. In RNA, adenine forms a base pair with uracil. Therefore, the correct answer is uracil.

Transcription is the process of synthesizing an RNA molecule from a DNA template. This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where the DNA is located. On the other hand, translation is the process of synthesizing a protein using the information encoded in the RNA molecule. This process takes place in the cytoplasm, specifically on the ribosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is that transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm.

Transcription is the process by which genetic information stored in DNA is converted into RNA. This process occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Inside the nucleus, the DNA is transcribed into a complementary RNA molecule by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. This RNA molecule can then be further processed and transported out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it can be translated into protein by ribosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is nucleus.

Translation is the process in which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. During translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes, and tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome. In the second step of translation, the tRNA with the anticodon that matches the first codon on the mRNA binds to the ribosome and base pairs with the mRNA. This allows the ribosome to assemble the amino acids in the correct order, forming a protein.

DNA replication is best described as "semi-conservative" because during this process, each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. As a result, the newly formed DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. This term "semi-conservative" was coined by Watson and Crick to describe the mechanism of DNA replication.

rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, is the correct answer because it is the type of RNA that makes up the ribosome. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and rRNA is a crucial component of ribosomes. It helps in the assembly of amino acids into proteins by providing the site for protein synthesis. Therefore, rRNA is essential for the functioning of ribosomes and plays a critical role in protein production within cells.

Translation is the correct answer because it is the process in which the tRNA with the anticodon loads its specific amino acid and the ribosome subunit assembles on an mRNA. During translation, the mRNA sequence is decoded by the ribosome, and tRNA molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome, based on the codons on the mRNA. This process ultimately leads to the synthesis of a protein based on the mRNA sequence. Transcription is the process of creating an mRNA molecule from a DNA template, and DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA molecule.

Promoter regions are segments of DNA that signal the start of transcription, the process of copying DNA into RNA. They contain specific sequences that bind to RNA polymerase, an enzyme responsible for initiating transcription. Promoter regions are crucial in regulating gene expression as they determine when and how much RNA will be transcribed from a particular gene. Therefore, promoter regions play a vital role in controlling gene activity and are essential for proper cellular function.

Translation is the process in which a ribosome reads the information encoded in an RNA molecule and uses it to synthesize a protein. Therefore, translation starts with an RNA molecule. The RNA molecule serves as a template for the ribosome to assemble the appropriate sequence of amino acids, which ultimately form a protein. DNA molecules contain the genetic information, but they are transcribed into RNA molecules before translation can occur. Proteins are the end product of translation, and lysosomes are organelles involved in cellular digestion, not directly related to translation.

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid found in mRNA. mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, and the sequence of codons determines the order in which the amino acids are assembled to form a protein. Therefore, a codon is responsible for the translation of genetic information into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

tRNA, or transfer RNA, is the type of RNA that has an anticodon on it. The anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides that is complementary to a specific codon on mRNA during protein synthesis. tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome, where they are matched to the appropriate codon on mRNA, ensuring the correct sequence of amino acids in the growing protein chain. This process is crucial for protein synthesis and the proper functioning of cells.

Translation is the process by which the genetic information stored in RNA molecules is used to assemble amino acids and create proteins. It occurs in the ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the corresponding amino acids to the ribosome based on the codons present in the messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is essential for the synthesis of proteins, which are the building blocks of cells and perform various functions in the body. Therefore, translation is the correct answer in this context.

Translation is the process in which a peptide bond is formed between amino acids. During translation, the mRNA molecule carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to synthesize proteins. The ribosomes read the mRNA codons and match them with the corresponding tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids. The amino acids are then joined together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein. Therefore, translation is the correct process for peptide bond formation between amino acids.

Human body cells, also known as somatic cells, have 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain DNA and carry genetic information. Each somatic cell in the human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 individual chromosomes. These chromosomes are responsible for determining various traits and characteristics in an individual.

Each normal human egg and sperm have 23 chromosomes. This is because during the process of fertilization, when the egg and sperm combine, they each contribute 23 chromosomes to form a complete set of 46 chromosomes in the resulting zygote. The 23 chromosomes in each gamete are a result of a process called meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes in each cell to ensure that when fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote has the correct number of chromosomes.

During transcription, the DNA molecule is used as a template to synthesize an RNA molecule. This process occurs in the nucleus of a cell and is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. The RNA molecule produced is a complementary copy of the DNA sequence, with the exception that thymine (T) in DNA is replaced by uracil (U) in RNA. This RNA molecule can then be used for various purposes, such as protein synthesis or as a regulatory molecule in gene expression.

mRNA stands for messenger RNA, which is a type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It serves as a template for protein synthesis, providing the instructions for the sequence of amino acids in a protein. This makes mRNA a fundamental type of RNA involved in the process of gene expression. tRNA (transfer RNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis, rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms the basic structure of ribosomes, and uRNA is not a recognized type of RNA.

Transcription is the process in which genetic information from DNA is copied into RNA. It starts with the DNA molecule because it serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule at the transcription start site and begins to transcribe the DNA sequence into RNA. Therefore, the correct answer is DNA molecule.

In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. Therefore, in RNA consensus sequence, uracil is basepaired with adenine.

mRNA, or messenger RNA, is the type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. It contains codons, which are sequences of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids. These codons are recognized by tRNA molecules during protein synthesis, allowing the correct amino acids to be brought to the ribosome and assembled into a protein. rRNA, or ribosomal RNA, is responsible for the structural and catalytic functions of the ribosome, while tRNA, or transfer RNA, carries amino acids to the ribosome. uRNA is not a recognized type of RNA.

The correct answer is DNA replication. DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. In this process, the DNA strands separate, and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The replication continues until the entire strand of DNA is replicated, resulting in two identical DNA molecules. Translation is the process of protein synthesis, and transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

The correct answer is that the role of tRNA is to read mRNA codons using anticodons and assemble amino acids in the proper sequence to make a protein. tRNA molecules have specific anticodons that are complementary to the mRNA codons, allowing them to recognize and bind to the appropriate codons. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid, and when the anticodon on the tRNA matches with the codon on the mRNA, the tRNA delivers its amino acid to the growing protein chain. This process ensures that the amino acids are assembled in the correct order, leading to the synthesis of a functional protein.

In transcription, the second step involves the enzymes base-pairing free RNA nucleotides from the nucleus to the unzipped part of the DNA starting at the promoter regions. This process allows the creation of a complementary RNA strand based on the DNA template. It is an essential step in gene expression, where the genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed into RNA molecules that can then be used to synthesize proteins through translation.

Cytoplasm contains many enzymes, and many of these enzymes are responsible for degrading nucleic acids.

Ribosomes have two subunits. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, and they play a crucial role in protein synthesis. The two subunits of a ribosome, known as the large subunit and the small subunit, come together during translation to read the messenger RNA (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain. The large subunit is responsible for catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds, while the small subunit helps to position the mRNA and tRNA molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is two.

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis, are located in the cytoplasm. During translation, the ribosomes read the mRNA and use it as a template to assemble amino acids into a protein. The nucleus contains the DNA, which carries the genetic information, but translation occurs outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production and do not play a direct role in translation.

The correct answer is anticodon because the anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence found on transfer RNA (tRNA) that pairs with the codon on messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. The anticodon ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain based on the genetic code. It is complementary to the codon on mRNA, allowing for accurate translation of the genetic information into the correct sequence of amino acids.

The correct answer is transcription. Transcription is the process by which the DNA sequence is used to synthesize RNA molecules. In the third step of transcription, the entire gene has been transcribed, and the RNA molecule separates from the DNA template. The DNA then re-zips, and the RNA molecule can go on to be processed and translated into proteins in the subsequent steps.

The last step in transcription is when RNA molecules move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Transcription is the process in which genetic information from DNA is transcribed into RNA molecules. After the RNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleus, they are transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they can undergo further processing and translation to produce proteins. This step is crucial for the transfer of genetic information from the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Adding a poly tail to RNA in the cytoplasm stabilizes the RNA and helps messages survive nucleases. Nucleases are enzymes that break down RNA, so the poly tail acts as a protective cap, preventing the RNA from being degraded. This stabilization allows the RNA to persist in the cytoplasm for longer periods, increasing the chances of successful translation and protein synthesis. The poly tail does not directly help RNA attach to ribosomes or serve as DNA code for protein. It also does not allow DNA to be flexible.

In DNA replication, the second step involves the free nucleotides in the nucleus bonding with the unzipped nucleotides in the DNA molecule. This process is essential for creating an identical copy of the DNA molecule. During replication, the DNA molecule unwinds and unzips, exposing the nucleotide bases. The free nucleotides in the nucleus then attach to their complementary bases on the exposed DNA strands, forming new base pairs. This results in the formation of two identical DNA molecules, each containing one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

The correct answer is "whole thing disassembles." This means that the last step in translation is the disassembly of the entire complex. This suggests that after the RNA leaves the DNA molecule and the DNA unzips, the components of the complex separate and break apart. The other options mentioned, such as DNA replication and the continuation of steps 2-5, do not indicate the final step in translation.