Endocrine System Exam 3quiz

A cell becomes a target of a particular hormone when it has a receptor for that specific hormone. Receptors are proteins located on the cell membrane or inside the cell that can recognize and bind to specific hormones. When a hormone binds to its receptor on the target cell, it triggers a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to a specific cellular response. Therefore, the presence of a receptor for a particular hormone is what determines whether a cell can respond to that hormone or not.

Insulin is not a steroid hormone because it is a peptide hormone. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble, while insulin is a protein hormone that is water-soluble. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Steroid hormones, on the other hand, have various functions including regulating metabolism, inflammation, and reproductive processes.

Type 2 diabetes can sometimes be treated with insulin injections because insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels. In type 2 diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to its effects. Insulin injections can help to lower blood sugar levels by providing the body with the insulin it needs to process glucose effectively. While not all individuals with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections, it is a common treatment option for those who cannot manage their blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and oral medications alone.

Melatonin is the correct answer because it is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and synchronizing physiological functions with the cycle of daylight and darkness. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness and helps to promote sleep and regulate circadian rhythms. It helps to signal the body when it is time to sleep and when it is time to wake up, thus ensuring that physiological functions are synchronized with the natural cycle of light and darkness.

The synergistic effect refers to the combined action of two or more substances that produce a greater effect together than the sum of their individual effects. In this case, neither follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production. However, when they act together, the testes produce a large number of sperm per minute. This demonstrates the synergistic effect, as the combined action of FSH and testosterone results in a much greater production of sperm than either hormone alone.

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to hypothyroidism. Iodine is an essential mineral that is required for the production of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, growth, and development. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough hormones, resulting in hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, depression, and sensitivity to cold.

The correct answer is "the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine." The alarm reaction is the initial response to stress, which is characterized by the release of stress hormones such as norepinephrine and epinephrine. These hormones help prepare the body for a fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels. This response is part of the body's acute stress response system and helps to mobilize resources to deal with the immediate threat or stressor.

The parathyroid gland secretes a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcemia, which is a low level of calcium in the blood. PTH helps to regulate calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys. This hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining proper calcium balance in the body. The thymus gland is responsible for the development and maturation of T-cells in the immune system, while the thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the kidneys to regulate water balance in the body. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, reducing the amount of urine produced and helping to conserve water. This hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume or high blood osmolality. By targeting the kidneys, ADH plays a crucial role in maintaining proper hydration and preventing excessive water loss.

Growth hormone (GH) has more target cells in the body than antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). GH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the growth and development of various tissues and organs in the body. It promotes cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth. ADH primarily acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance and urine production, while CRH stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. Therefore, GH affects a larger number of cells and has a broader range of functions in the body compared to ADH and CRH.

The initial response to stress is called the alarm reaction, and it is mediated mainly by norepinephrine and epinephrine.

T3, also known as triiodothyronine, is the most biologically active metabolism hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. T3 is derived from T4 (thyroxine) through the removal of one iodine atom, and it is considered more potent and faster acting than T4. T3 binds to specific receptors in cells, influencing gene expression and metabolic processes. Therefore, T3 is the correct answer as it accurately represents the most biologically active metabolism hormone produced by the thyroid.

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. As an endocrine gland, it secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. As an exocrine gland, it produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. This dual functionality makes the pancreas unique among the given options, as the adrenal gland primarily functions as an endocrine gland and the salivary gland primarily functions as an exocrine gland.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. These beta cells are responsible for producing insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels. When these cells are destroyed, the body is unable to produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels and the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. This condition requires lifelong insulin therapy to manage blood sugar levels.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by the inability of the kidneys to properly regulate water balance in the body. This is caused by a deficiency or hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin. ADH plays a crucial role in regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. When there is a lack of ADH, the kidneys are unable to reabsorb enough water, leading to excessive urination and thirst, the main symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Therefore, the correct answer is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition characterized by the inability of the body to properly regulate water balance. It is caused by a deficiency or hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which is responsible for regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. When there is a lack of ADH, the kidneys are unable to reabsorb water effectively, leading to excessive urination and thirst. Therefore, the correct answer is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion.

The thyroid gland secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness and quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system. This gland is responsible for regulating the body's energy levels and plays a crucial role in growth and development. It produces thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine, which are essential for maintaining proper metabolism and brain function. Dysfunction of the thyroid gland can lead to various health issues, including weight fluctuations, fatigue, and cognitive impairment.

Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lungs, leading to the accumulation of fluid. This fluid can interfere with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, resulting in a decrease in the oxygen levels in the blood. Hypoxemia refers to low levels of oxygen in the blood, and hypoxemic hypoxia specifically refers to a type of hypoxemia caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood in the lungs. Therefore, in the case of pneumonia, the fluid in the lungs can directly lead to hypoxemic hypoxia.

Epinephrine is under neural control because it is released by the adrenal glands in response to signals from the sympathetic nervous system. This hormone is involved in the body's fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability. The release of epinephrine is triggered by neural impulses from the brain, making it a hormone that is regulated by the nervous system.

Cor pulmonale, also known as right heart failure, is a condition characterized by the enlargement and dysfunction of the right side of the heart due to pulmonary hypertension and obstruction of the pulmonary circulation. This obstruction can be caused by various factors such as chronic lung diseases, pulmonary embolism, or pulmonary vascular diseases. The increased resistance in the pulmonary arteries leads to increased pressure in the right ventricle, eventually resulting in right heart failure.

The correct answer is insulin deficiency. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. In diabetics, there is a lack of insulin or the body's inability to properly use insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. Insulin helps cells take in glucose from the bloodstream, so without enough insulin, glucose remains in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia.

After a meal, the blood glucose levels increase. However, as time passes and the body starts to use up the glucose for energy, the blood glucose levels begin to decrease. In order to prevent hypoglycemia, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, thereby raising blood glucose levels. Therefore, the correct answer is "glucagon, which raises blood glucose."

The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone, which promotes Na+ and water retention. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure. This hormone plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte and fluid balance in the body.

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood because the excess GH stimulates the growth plates in the long bones, leading to an abnormal increase in height. However, when GH hypersecretion begins in adulthood, it is more likely to cause acromegaly. Acromegaly is characterized by the excessive growth of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face. This occurs because the growth plates in the long bones have already closed in adulthood, so the excess GH instead affects the soft tissues and organs, leading to enlargement and other symptoms associated with acromegaly.

hGH, or human growth hormone, is responsible for the release of IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor I). IGF-I is a hormone that plays a crucial role in growth and development, particularly during childhood and adolescence. hGH stimulates the liver to produce IGF-I, which then promotes cell growth and division throughout the body. This hormone is essential for bone and muscle growth, as well as regulating metabolism and other physiological processes.

The neurohypophysis, also known as the posterior pituitary, secretes various hormones including oxytocin (OT). Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in childbirth and lactation. It stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and helps with the release of breast milk. Additionally, oxytocin is involved in social bonding and has been linked to feelings of trust and empathy. It is not responsible for the secretion of prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid hormone (TH), or growth hormone (GH).

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome is dominated by cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. It helps regulate the body's metabolism, suppresses inflammation, and assists in the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to provide energy during times of stress. In the resistance stage, the body continues to release cortisol to sustain the stress response and adapt to the ongoing stressor. This allows the body to maintain elevated levels of energy and focus for an extended period of time.

The correct answer is both type 1 and type 2 DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin. This statement is incorrect because type 1 DM is characterized by the body producing autoantibodies that destroy the pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a lack of insulin production. In contrast, type 2 DM is characterized by target cells being unresponsive to insulin, leading to insulin resistance, rather than a lack of insulin production.

Emphysema is a type of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) where the walls of the alveoli in the lungs become damaged and lose their elasticity. This leads to the destruction of the walls, causing the alveoli to become larger than normal. As a result, the surface area available for gas exchange decreases, making it difficult for oxygen to enter the bloodstream and for carbon dioxide to be expelled. This leads to symptoms such as shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Therefore, emphysema is the correct answer as it matches the given explanation.

Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, so hypoglycemia, which is low blood sugar, is not a symptom of this condition. The other options listed, such as polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (increased hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and glycosuria (sugar in urine), are all commonly seen in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Estrogen enters the target cell's nuclei and acts on the genes. It is a hormone that plays a crucial role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. Estrogen helps to regulate the menstrual cycle, promote the growth of secondary sexual characteristics, and maintain bone density. It acts by binding to estrogen receptors in the nucleus of cells, which then leads to the activation or suppression of certain genes. This ultimately influences various physiological processes in the body.

Receptor down-regulation refers to a decrease in the number of receptors on the cell surface in response to prolonged exposure to a drug. This can occur as a result of the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis by reducing the sensitivity to the drug. With fewer receptors available, the drug has fewer targets to bind to, leading to a lessened effect over time.

Eicosanoids are a group of signaling molecules that play important roles in inflammation, immune response, and other physiological processes. They are derived from arachidonic acid, which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in cell membranes. Arachidonic acid is converted into different types of eicosanoids, including leukotrienes, prostacyclins, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. These eicosanoids act as local hormones, regulating various cellular processes and mediating inflammatory responses. Therefore, arachidonic acid is the precursor for the synthesis of eicosanoids.

The infundibulum is a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs.

The pituitary hormone that regulates testosterone production is leutenizing hormone (LH). LH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes, which is important for the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D and is produced in the kidneys, not in the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing hormones such as aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone. Aldosterone regulates salt and water balance in the body, cortisol is involved in stress response and metabolism, and testosterone is a sex hormone. Therefore, calcitriol is the correct answer as it is not produced in the adrenal cortex.

The hypophyseal portal system connects the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus. This system consists of a network of blood vessels that allows for the direct communication and transport of hormones between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland. The hormones produced by the hypothalamus are released into the portal system and travel to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. This connection is crucial for the regulation of various physiological processes in the body, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, is responsible for regulating water balance in the body. Grave's disease, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones. There is no direct connection between ADH and Grave's disease, so the correct answer is ADH; Grave's disease.

The adrenal medulla is responsible for the production and release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are involved in the body's response to stress. Cushing syndrome, on the other hand, is characterized by excessive levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Therefore, hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla would not directly cause Cushing syndrome, making it the exception among the given options.

T4 and T3 are monoamine hormones that are mainly transported bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the blood.

Cortisol is a hormone that plays a role in regulating the immune system. It has immunosuppressive effects, meaning it can reduce the activity of the immune system. This is important in situations where the body needs to prioritize other physiological processes, such as during times of stress. By down-regulating the immune system, cortisol helps to prevent excessive inflammation and immune responses that could be harmful to the body.

TSH, or thyroid-stimulating hormone, is an example of a tropic hormone. Tropic hormones are hormones that regulate the secretion of other hormones. In the case of TSH, it is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 and T4. These thyroid hormones then have various effects on the body, such as regulating metabolism and growth. Therefore, TSH fits the definition of a tropic hormone as it acts on another endocrine gland to regulate hormone secretion.

Aspirin and ibuprofen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that work by inhibiting the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. COX enzymes are responsible for converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are inflammatory mediators. By blocking the action of COX enzymes, aspirin and ibuprofen reduce the production of prostaglandins, resulting in decreased inflammation, pain, and fever. Therefore, the correct answer is "the action of cyclooxygenase."

Cortisol is a hormone that is released in response to stress. One of its main functions is to promote the breakdown of fat and protein in the body. This is important during times of stress or fasting, as it allows the body to use stored energy sources for fuel. By breaking down fat and protein, cortisol helps to provide the body with the necessary energy to cope with stress or to maintain normal bodily functions during periods of limited food intake.

Calcitonin is under humoral control because its release is regulated by the levels of calcium in the blood. When calcium levels are high, calcitonin is released to decrease calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. This hormonal regulation allows the body to maintain a stable calcium balance and prevent hypercalcemia.

Lung cancer most commonly originates in the primary bronchi. The primary bronchi are the first branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs. These bronchi are larger and more commonly affected by cancerous growths compared to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli. Type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes are cells found in the alveoli, but they are not the primary site for lung cancer development. Therefore, the primary bronchi are the most likely location for the origin of lung cancer.

The given question asks for the hypothalamic hormones that are NOT included in the given options. The correct answer is "luteinizing hormone (LH)". This hormone is not produced by the hypothalamus, but rather by the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamic hormones listed in the options are antidiuretic hormone (ADH), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OT), and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), all of which are produced by the hypothalamus.

Diabetics can have altered respiratory patterns due to the presence of ketone bodies. When the body does not have enough insulin to convert glucose into energy, it starts breaking down fat instead. This process produces ketones, which can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA can lead to rapid and deep breathing, known as Kussmaul breathing, as the body tries to eliminate excess ketones. Therefore, the presence of ketone bodies in diabetics can affect their respiratory patterns.

The correct answer is thyroid, calcitonin. The thyroid gland produces calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting the release of calcium from the bones and promoting its excretion by the kidneys.

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when the thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary. This means that when the levels of thyroid hormone in the body are high, it signals the anterior pituitary to decrease the production and release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This negative feedback loop helps to regulate the production of thyroid hormones and maintain homeostasis in the body.