Bentley Ch. 29 Test Industrial Society

The factory system allowed for mass production of goods, which increased efficiency and lowered production costs. As a result, consumers were able to purchase manufactured goods at lower prices compared to goods produced through other methods. This made goods more affordable and accessible to a wider range of consumers, leading to cheaper manufactured goods.

The improvements in transportation, such as the railroads and steamships, had multiple effects. They not only lowered transportation costs but also connected industrial centers with overseas resources. This meant that goods could be transported more efficiently and at a lower cost, benefiting both producers and consumers. Additionally, the improved transportation systems facilitated the movement of people, allowing for increased mobility and the growth of cities. Therefore, all of the statements provided are correct in describing the positive impacts of transportation improvements.

The correct answer is "harsh discipline and close supervision." The factory system during the Industrial Revolution was characterized by strict rules, long hours, and tight control over workers. Workers were subjected to harsh discipline and closely supervised to ensure maximum productivity and prevent any disruptions or inefficiencies. This system prioritized efficiency and profit over the well-being and autonomy of workers.

In the 18th century, cotton cloth was valued by European consumers because it was comfortable and convenient. This suggests that cotton cloth was easy to wear and use, making it a preferred choice for consumers during that time.

Workers were the first group to protest the changes brought about by industrialization. As industrialization led to the mechanization of work and the establishment of factories, workers experienced harsh working conditions, long hours, low wages, and lack of job security. These changes disrupted traditional forms of work and social structures, leading workers to organize and protest for better working conditions, fair wages, and workers' rights. The labor movement emerged as a response to these grievances, with workers demanding improved working conditions and advocating for their rights.

Britain did not have local sources of raw cotton in the 18th century. This was a disadvantage for Britain as it had to import raw cotton from other countries, such as India and the American colonies. However, Britain did have other economic advantages such as abundant and accessible coal deposits, abundant skilled and unskilled labor, and access to water transportation. These advantages contributed to the growth of Britain's textile industry and its overall economic dominance during this time period.

The correct answer is the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade. This is because a vertical organization refers to a company that controls all stages of production and distribution within a single industry. While the other options provided (Standard Oil, Krupp firm, U.S. Steel) demonstrate vertical organization by controlling multiple stages of production in their respective industries, the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade does not involve control over all phases of production and distribution.

A healthy agricultural economy was the least important condition in the process of industrialization because industrialization focuses on the development of manufacturing and the use of machinery, rather than relying heavily on agricultural production. While a healthy agricultural economy may have provided some stability and resources, it was not essential for the growth and success of industrialization. Other factors such as a navigable system of waterways, a convenient power source, and an available labor source were more crucial in facilitating the movement of goods, powering machinery, and providing a workforce for industrialization.

The other form mentioned in the question is "nations that became dependent on manufacturing economies rather than controlling their own". This means that these countries relied on other countries for their economic growth and development, rather than having their own independent and self-sustaining economies. This could be due to factors such as globalization, trade imbalances, or unequal power dynamics between countries.

In the middle ages, rural women continued to have the same roles as before, while urban women had a variety of roles. However, urban women had less opportunity for independent initiative. This means that although urban women had more diverse roles, they were still limited in their ability to act independently.

During industrialization, traditional gender roles became more defined as men and women found valuable societal roles in separate spheres. Men typically worked in factories and other industrial settings, while women were expected to focus on domestic duties and child-rearing. This division of labor allowed men to make higher wages than women, leading many women to seek employment as domestic servants. However, women also began to move into jobs such as teaching that had previously been dominated by men. Overall, industrialization reinforced gender roles and created separate spheres for men and women in society.

The correct answer is the role of the French government in a mercantilist economy. This is because both the industrialization process of Russia and Japan and the mercantilist economy of France involved significant government intervention and control. In both cases, the government played a central role in promoting and regulating economic activities, such as providing financial support to industries, implementing protectionist policies, and establishing monopolies. This is similar to the role of the French government in a mercantilist economy, where the government actively controlled and regulated trade to promote national economic interests.

Government support played a crucial role in the industrialization of Japan and Russia. Both countries had governments that actively promoted and supported industrialization through various means such as providing financial incentives, establishing favorable policies and regulations, investing in infrastructure development, and promoting education and research. This support helped create a conducive environment for industrial growth, attracting domestic and foreign investments, fostering technological advancements, and facilitating the development of industries. Without government support, it would have been challenging for these countries to achieve rapid industrialization and catch up with more advanced nations.

An example of demographic transition is declining birth rates contributing to a slowing in the population increase. This means that as industrialization occurred, there was a decrease in the number of births, resulting in a slower growth rate of the population. This could be attributed to factors such as increased access to contraception, changes in societal norms regarding family size, or increased education and economic opportunities for women.