Assessment For Standard 3s

The abbreviation for the rank of Private is PTE.

Pus from a wound is abnormal, that is why when we do Dressing Simple Wounds (DSW) in home nursing, we have to pay special attention to check if the wound has pus. For those interested, you all can find out more from your squadmates who have learnt about DSW!

Verbally, the person holding the rank of "Lance Corporal" will still be addressed as "Corporal".

For B, C and D, you should use an arm sling.

Hypoglycemia is a condition whereby blood-sugar level falls below normal, hence causing body to feel weak as glucose is the one of the main component to provide energy for the body. In this case, although the casualty has been taking his insulin jabs regularly, he skipped his meals, hence the insulin could not take effect. The easiest treatment is to quickly raise the sugar content of the blood and this can be achieved by giving casualty a sugary drink.

Inducing vomiting in casualties who have swallowed poison is not recommended because corrosive substances can cause further damage to the digestive tract when vomited out.

This is a very simple question, but hopefully it serves as a reminder that you should always link it back to the history to find out the injuries/ conditions that the casualty is suffering from.

Option 2 is not true. Osteoporosis is most common in older women (but it can occur among the males too).

Panadol (Paracetamol) is given to relieve headaches and bring down fevers, which is stated in option 1. It is also available in a syrup form for children, as mentioned in option 4. Option 2 is incorrect because Panadol should not be administered like aspirin to patients with heart problems for pain relief. Option 3 is true as the maximum dose for an adult is 2 tablets (500mg each), 6-hourly. Therefore, the correct options are 1, 3, and 4.

In fact for a conscious casualty who is really choking (airway blocked totally), he will be unable to cough, speak and breathe. That is why we ask the casualty "Can you cough, can you speak, can you breathe?", only when we get positive replies (say casualty nods his head), will we then proceed to do abdominal thrusts.
On a sidenote, from what some seniors observed at EFA re-exams, some std 2s who were acting as conscious choking casualties (who needed abdominal thrusts done on him/her) were making noises, which shows that they have some misconceptions about conscious choking, because they should be unable to make any sound if their airway is totally obstructed.

If you are intersted to find out more about how wounds heal, you can read up on your own, or you can read your bio textbook (if i'm not wrong, they would have mentioned about it)

A: There is no need for exaggeration.
B, C and D: Always remember the qualities that make you a good instructor, not just a good footdrill instructor!

(1): Keeping the stretcher level to the ground ensures that the force is acting downwards on all 4 sides equally and thus casualty will not slide off either side of the stretcher.
(2): Carrying casualty with feet facing the direction of move is so that casualty can look at the path he is going and feels more comfortable
(3): Since casualty is injured, we will not want to move casualty unnecessary as it will aggravate his injury, hence we will bring stretcher to casualty since it is easier too.

The inclined drag is a type of manual carriage that requires at least 4 first aiders to perform. It involves dragging a casualty up or down a slope using a stretcher or similar device. Since the question states that only 2 first aiders are involved, it can be inferred that the inclined drag is not performed by them.

The correct abbreviation for the rank of Senior Staff Sergeant is SSSGT.

From the first aid manual: If a sharp object (in this case, it could be the rib bone) penetrates the chest wall, there may be severe damage to the organs in the chest and upper abdomen and this will lead to shock. The lungs are particularly susceptible to injury, either by being damaged themselves or from wounds that perforate the 2-layered membrane (pleura)that surrounds and protects each lung. Air can then enter between the membranes and exert pressure on the lung, and the lung may collapse--a condition called pneumothorax.
Why option E is not the best answer: Lung collapse can happen without pneumothorax, but this is way too complicated, so we do not have to know further. On the other hand, pneumothorax may not lead to lung collapse as well. Pneumothorax = air in the pleural cavity. Only in large quantities will it cause the lung to collapse; small amounts of air can be present without causing the lung to collapse.

The correct command for the Squad to turn from Direction 1 to Direction 2 is "Bergerak Ka Kanan Bertiga Tiga Ka Kanan Pusing". This command instructs the Squad to move to the right ("Ka Kanan") and then turn three times to the right ("Bertiga Tiga Ka Kanan Pusing").

Tetanus is a dangerous infection caused by a bacterium which lives in soil. If it enters a wound, it may multiply in the damaged tissues and release a toxin that spreads through the nervous system, causing muscle spasms and paralysis. Tetanus can be prevented by immunisation, which is normally given during childhood. This may need to be repeated in adulthood.

Severe hypothermia is often, although not always, fatal.

A is wrong: When a drowning casualty is rescued, water may gush from the mouth. This water is from the stomach and should be left to drain of its own accord. Do not attempt to force water from the stomach because the casualty may vomit and then inhale it.
B and C are wrong: Even if casualty appears to recover fully, as a first aider, do arrange for removal to hospital.

Of course this is only a guideline, there is no fixed method for FD instuction, so do find the most effective one!

C: Firemen’s lift exerts a large pressure on the casualty’s abdomen, hence it will only cause the injury to worsen if transported this way.

Falling from a height, being thrown out of a car, and being hit by a heavy object on the back can all cause spinal injury. These incidents involve significant impact or force on the spine, which can result in damage to the spinal cord or vertebrae. In contrast, being involved in a gangfight and being stabbed may cause other types of injuries, but they are less likely to directly cause spinal injury. Therefore, options 1, 2, and 4 are the likely causes of spinal injury.

Shock is a life-threatening condition because there is a lack of blood to the vital organs, which means that they are not receiving the necessary nutrients and oxygen to function properly. Additionally, there is a lack of oxygen to the body tissues, which can lead to tissue damage and organ failure. Finally, the casualty could fall into cardiac arrest, which is a serious medical emergency where the heart stops beating. All of these factors contribute to the life-threatening nature of shock.

In fact, direct pressure and elevation should preferably be used simultaneously if the bleeding is quite severe. (Of course for a small wound, perhaps direct pressure alone is sufficient to stop the bleeding)
We should only tie a constriction band as the last resort if all other 3 methods are insufficient to stop the very severe bleeding (for eg in amputation).
Note that we as first-aiders are not allowed to use tourniquets.
Both constriction bands and tourniquets severely restrict blood flow to lower part of the limb to which they are applied. Using these to stop bleeding give rise to the possibility that the entire arm or leg may be "damaged" (possibily by tissue death). However in the case of amputation, if bleeding is very severe, we may need to use a constriction band and our rationale would be "to use a limb rather than the casualty's life (from severe blood loss)"

Never attempt to neutralise acid or alkali burns unless trained to do so.
Do not delay starting treatment by searching for an antidote.

CPR should be continued until the ambulance arrives because it is a critical life-saving technique that helps maintain blood flow and oxygenation to the vital organs. The arrival of the ambulance signifies the availability of advanced medical care and equipment that can further improve the chances of survival for the casualty. Therefore, it is important to continue performing CPR until the ambulance arrives to provide the best possible care for the patient.

Remember to prioritise by ABC. As to why option B instead of C, the casualty for option B is more likely to have a blocked airway.

A: If the sting is visible, brush or scrape it off sideways with your fingernail. Do not use tweezers because you could squeeze the sting and more poison may be injected into the casualty.
B: This is not true! Refer to your FA manual, your aim as a first aider is to prevent the spread of venom in the body and to arrange for urgent removal to hospital. The treatment is not the same as any normal bleeding.
C: If vinegar is not available, you can also use sea water.
D: If you elevate casualty's leg, you are speeding up the spread of venom in the casualty's body, possibly to the heart as well!

Introductory: This tells the squad the movement they are about to carry out.
Cautionary: The drawn-out and loud reminder to the squad.
Executive: The loud sharp command.

Please refer to your JNCO course manual as well.

A and B: We do not use "Ber Dua Dua" nor "Dalam Dua Barisan". (Just to clarify again, the intra comp committee was given the wrong info as well, it wasn't their fault)
D: This option would have been correct if the squad was facing the back and would turn to right (with respect to the true front).
E: This option is wrong because if the squad is facing the back, they have to turn left to face the right (with respect to the true front--as of option D).

The correct answer is 1,3 and 4. The first-aider should ask the casualty if she has been immunized against tetanus because if she has never been immunized, there is a risk of tetanus infection. Additionally, if she is uncertain about the timing and number of injections that have been given to her, it is important to seek medical advice to ensure proper treatment. Lastly, if it has been more than 10 years since her last injection, a booster shot may be required to maintain immunity.

For emergency cases, call 995. For SCDF's guidelines as to what is classified as emergencies, please refer to "http://www.scdf.gov.sg/General/Information/emergency_ambulance_service.html", otherwise you can also browse their website for more information!

The correct command for the Squad to turn from Direction 1 to Direction 2 is "Akan Bergerak Ka Kanan Ka Kiri Pusing". This command instructs the Squad to move to the right and then turn to the left.

Once you are in PT kit, there is no need to salute. You only salute to officers when you are in Full Brigade Uniform or Half Uniform.
There is no need to salute to Officer Cadet Trainees (OCT).

Please recall your Rules of 9!

Cyanosis describes a bluish tinge to the skin or lips, as a result of poor supply of oxygenated blood to those areas. (Hence options 1 and 4 are correct). It occurs by 2 mechanisms, failure of the lungs to take up sufficient oxygen for the body, or due to failure of the heart to pump out the oxygenated blood. On a sidenote, this is the reason why cyanosis is seen in both hypoxia and shock respectively. These 2 conditions can occur singly or both at the same time.
For choking, the casualty's airway is obstructed, breathing is impaired, leading to insufficient oxygen intake of the body and hence low blood oxygen as well.

Applying gentle traction helps to pull the limb straight, which is stated in option 1. It also helps to overcome the pull of the muscles and reduces pain and bleeding at the fracture site, which is stated in option 3. Therefore, options 1 and 3 are correct. Option 2, which suggests putting padding around the bent/angled limb, is not mentioned in the given information.

If the oxygen supply to the brain cells is cut off for a few minutes, the brain cells will begin to die. This is because brain cells require a constant supply of oxygen to function properly. Without oxygen, brain cells cannot produce energy and perform their necessary functions. As a result, the brain cells will start to die, leading to potential brain damage or even death.

Some may think that when a casualty is suffering from cramps, we apply deap heat rub for treatment, this is incorrect. Deep heat rub should be applied before strenous exercise (if he knows that he is prone to getting cramps at certain areas of his limbs). The general treatment for cramps is ice compress or to massage the affected area.

Elbow Carriage (or Side Carriage)is used when going up or down flights of stairs. This formation can be used to raise the casualty to shoulder level and above head level.
Pros of Elbow Carriage: As members would be facing one another, it is very easy to coordinate movements. Also,
since both hands are holding on to the sides of
the stretcher, stability is increased. It is also
much easier to keep the stretcher horizontal
while in this formation.
Cons of Elbow Carriage: Using this formation to move forward
would be slower as stretcher bearers are moving
sideways.
One to One Formation is used when crossing single obstacle of height between knee and just above head level. This
formation can be used to raise the casualty to
shoulder level and above head level.
Four Man Carriage is most commonly used for traveling over
flat terrain and not for stairs.
We would transport the casualty "head first" so that in the event that the casualty slides down, the probability of him hitting his head on the ground immediately is reduced.

(A) is wrong: We should never place anything into the casualty's mouth.
(B) is wrong. The casualty may not necessarily die even if he bites his tongue, he may just lose certain sensations of taste.
(C) is correct. During the seizure, the casualty is using a lot of energy to "shake", hence he feels very tired after that.
(D) is correct, that is why we will remove potentially dangerous objects away from the casualty and if possible, we will place soft padding around the casualty.

A: The depth of each chest compression should be about 4-5 cm.
B: The volume of each breath should be about 400-600mls.
C: Artificial ventilation frequently causes distention of the stomach. This occurs most often in children but it is also quite common in adults. The most likely causes are excess ventilation volumes and rapid flow rates, which results in air entering the stomach. A distended stomach elevates the diaphragm, thus reduces the lung volume. The incidence of gastric distention can be minimized by limiting the ventilation volume. Ventilate with enough pressure just to cause the chest to rise. When we do CPR using the dummy, gastric distention is characterized by the "farting" sound, which means that we are blowing too much or too fast.
D: 5 cycles of CPR should be done in 2 min.
E: Give 12 rescue breaths in 1 minute.

The most obvious distinction between heart attack and angina pectoris is that pain does not ease with rest for a heart attack casualty, whereas pain eases with rest for angina pectoris.

Cadets in the first column and those who form the row that is nearest to the person receiving compliments should not
execute the drill and just continue marching. For example, when paying compliments to the right, all the cadets in the row at the extreme right and those in the first column should not execute the drill. When paying compliments to the left, all the cadets in the row at the extreme left and those in the first column should not execute the drill.

All of the conditions listed can potentially lead to shock. Loss of 2 liters of blood can cause hypovolemic shock, where there is a significant decrease in blood volume. Cardiac arrest can lead to cardiogenic shock, where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Injuries to the nervous system can result in neurogenic shock, where there is a disruption in the autonomic nervous system's control of blood vessel tone. Severe diarrhea can cause hypovolemic shock as well, due to fluid and electrolyte loss. Therefore, all of these conditions can contribute to the development of shock.

For a head injury, the thin, watery blood may indicate that the skull is fractured and fluid is leaking from around the brain.

Please refer to your first aid manual to learn more about burns that need hospital treatment!

The basic rule is "DO NOT remove a helmet unless absolutely necessary". In the case of casualty is vomiting or has difficulty breathing, we have to remove the helmet, otherwise the casualty's airway would be obstructed, leading to more serious conditions such as choking. For a casualty with suspected spinal injury, we try to not move the casualty in any way, hence if the helmet is not obstructing, we do not remove it.

A spacer is especially useful when serving medication to young children.