AP World History Test- 14

In 1904, the Japanese went to war against Russia over Manchuria. This conflict, known as the Russo-Japanese War, was primarily fought over territorial and economic interests in the region. Japan sought to expand its influence in East Asia and saw Manchuria as a valuable area for resources and strategic positioning. The war ended in 1905 with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth, which recognized Japan as a major power in the region and forced Russia to cede territories to Japan.

The British won the Opium War of 1840 because they had superior naval forces. This gave them a significant advantage in terms of military power and control over the seas. With their strong navy, the British were able to effectively blockade Chinese ports and launch successful attacks, weakening the Chinese forces. This naval superiority played a crucial role in securing victory for the British in the war.

During the 17th century, the Ming Dynasty was conquered by the Manchu, who invaded from the north. This invasion marked the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, which was established by the Manchu. The Manchu forces, coming from the north, were able to successfully overthrow the Ming Dynasty and establish their own rule over China.

During the late Tokugawan Shogunate, merchants started accumulating wealth and surpassed the samurai in terms of economic prosperity. As a result, they began to feel resentful towards the samurai due to their higher social status. This shift in wealth and social status created a sense of dissatisfaction among the merchants, leading to resentment towards the samurai class.

Ancient Edo is the modern Tokyo, to which the Meii emperor moved his capital. This is because Edo was the original name of Tokyo before it was renamed in 1868. The Meii emperor moved his capital from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo) during the Edo period, which lasted from 1603 to 1868.

During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the empress Tz'u-hsi supported the Boxers. The Boxers were a secret society in China that opposed foreign influence and sought to rid the country of Western powers and their influence. Tz'u-hsi, as a Chinese nationalist, saw the Boxers as a means to protect Chinese sovereignty and resist foreign encroachment. She provided them with support and resources, including weapons and funding, in their fight against the foreign forces and the Qing dynasty's own reforms that were seen as Westernizing.

During the Tokugawa period in Japan, the country had a policy of isolationism, restricting foreign trade and contact. However, in 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy arrived in Japan with a fleet of ships, demanding that Japan open its ports for trade. This event, known as the Perry Expedition, led to the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which opened trade between the United States and Japan. Therefore, the correct answer is United States.

The United States followed an Open Door policy which kept China from being colonized. This policy aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China, preventing any one nation from dominating or colonizing the country. By advocating for an open and fair trading system, the United States played a significant role in protecting China's sovereignty and preventing colonization by other trading nations.

In 1898, the United States gained control of the Philippines from Spain. This was a result of the Spanish-American War, where the United States emerged as a victorious power and negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Spain. As part of the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines to the United States, marking the beginning of American colonial rule in the country.

The correct answer is Beijing. The Boxers, also known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, were a Chinese secret society that opposed foreign influence in China. In 1900, they launched a violent uprising known as the Boxer Rebellion, targeting foreigners and Christian missionaries. The rebellion initially began in Shandong province but quickly spread to Beijing, where the Boxers besieged the foreign legations in the city. The international community eventually intervened and suppressed the rebellion, leading to the occupation of Beijing by foreign forces.

During the Meiji period in Japan, heavy industries such as Mitsubishi were given to powerful families known as zaibatsu. These zaibatsu were influential conglomerates that played a significant role in the industrialization and modernization of Japan. Mitsubishi, founded by the Iwasaki family, was one of the most prominent zaibatsu and had interests in various industries including shipbuilding, mining, and finance. They played a crucial role in the development of Japan's economy and were instrumental in the country's transformation into a major industrial power.

The Manchu traded goods such as tea, silk, porcelain, and stain for silver. Silver was highly valued and in demand during that time period, making it a popular trade commodity. The Manchu likely traded these goods for silver as it was a valuable and widely accepted form of currency, allowing them to acquire wealth and strengthen their economy.

The correct answer is Spanish because in 1571, the Philippines became a colony of Spain. Spain colonized the Philippines for over three centuries, exerting significant influence on the country's culture, language, and religion. Spanish colonization brought about changes in governance, economy, and social structure, shaping the Philippines into what it is today.

Ho-Shen was able to skim about 1 billion ($) from the Manchu taxes. This implies that Ho-Shen was able to embezzle a significant amount of money from the taxes collected by the Manchu government. The large sum of 1 billion suggests that Ho-Shen had a high level of access and control over the financial system, allowing him to manipulate and divert such a substantial amount of funds for personal gain.

Siam is the correct answer because it is the only nation in Southeast Asia that was able to maintain its independence. Kampuchia, also known as Cambodia, and Vietnam were both colonized by France, while Siam remained independent throughout the colonial period. Therefore, Siam stands out as the only nation in Southeast Asia that was able to preserve its sovereignty.

During the Meiji period from 1868 to 1912, the Meiji Emperor implemented various reforms that modernized Japan and transformed it into an industrialized nation. The government focused on promoting industrialization through policies such as the development of infrastructure, the establishment of modern industries, and the adoption of Western technology and practices. This shift from feudalism to industrialization allowed Japan to rapidly modernize its economy, improve its military strength, and become a major player on the global stage.

Admiral Perry was able to gain the Treaty of Kanagawa from Japan because of his superior naval forces. The presence of a powerful and advanced naval fleet intimidated the Japanese and forced them to negotiate and sign the treaty. Perry's military strength gave him leverage and allowed him to achieve his diplomatic goals.

Local economies in southeast Asia were turned to cash crops. This means that instead of relying on traditional industries, mining, or grazing, the focus shifted towards the cultivation and production of crops that were grown specifically for sale and export. Cash crops are typically high-value crops that are grown in large quantities to generate income for the local economy. This shift in economic activity would have likely resulted in changes in land use, agricultural practices, and trade patterns in the region.

During the Manchu rule, European traders were limited to the port of Canton. This was due to the Canton System, a set of regulations imposed by the Chinese government that restricted foreign trade to this specific port. Canton was strategically chosen as it allowed the government to closely monitor and control foreign interactions, ensuring that trade was conducted on their terms. This system lasted for several centuries, until it was eventually abolished in the mid-19th century.

The Paiping rebellion broke out in 1850 due to promises of land redistribution and other grievances. This suggests that the rebellion was fueled by the dissatisfaction of the Chinese people with the existing social and economic conditions, particularly the unequal distribution of land. The promise of land redistribution was likely seen as a way to address these grievances and gain support for the rebellion. Other factors such as social inequality and political unrest may have also contributed to the outbreak of the rebellion.

By 1535, the Portuguese were limited to trade with the Ming China to the port of Macao. Macao was a strategic port located on the southern coast of China, near the mouth of the Pearl River. It was a major trading hub and allowed the Portuguese to maintain their presence and trade with the Chinese. The Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macao in 1557, which became an important center for trade between China and Europe. Macao remained under Portuguese control until 1999 when it was transferred back to China.

The Manchu Dynasty in China lasted until 1911 because it was overthrown during the Xinhai Revolution. This revolution led to the end of imperial rule in China and the establishment of the Republic of China. The Manchu Dynasty, also known as the Qing Dynasty, faced numerous challenges and internal conflicts throughout its reign, which ultimately weakened its control over the country. The Xinhai Revolution marked a turning point in Chinese history, leading to the end of dynastic rule and the beginning of a new era.

The correct answer is that southern Shoguns demanded it. After the resignation of the last Tokugawan Shogun in 1868, the southern Shoguns, who were part of the Satsuma and Choshu clans, played a crucial role in bringing an end to the Tokugawa shogunate and restoring power to the emperor. They were dissatisfied with the shogunate's policies and wanted to modernize Japan, so they demanded the emperor to become the ruler. This event marked the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, a period of significant political and social changes in Japan.

Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles aimed to bring about political unity, democracy, and provide a basic subsistence for all individuals. By overthrowing the Manchu under the Kuomintang, Dr. Sun Yat-Sen sought to establish a government that would unite the country politically, ensuring that all citizens had a say in the decision-making process through democratic means. Additionally, he aimed to address the socioeconomic inequalities by ensuring that everyone had access to a basic subsistence, thereby improving the overall well-being of the population. These principles also emphasized the unity of all races, promoting inclusivity and equality among different ethnic groups within the nation.

Russia took advantage of Manchu weakness to seize Manchuria. Manchuria was a region located in northeastern China, and during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Qing Dynasty of China was facing internal conflicts and weaknesses. Russia saw this as an opportunity to expand its influence and territory, and it gradually took control of Manchuria through various treaties and military actions. This eventually led to the establishment of the Russian-controlled territory of Outer Manchuria.

In 1898, a reform-minded Manchu emperor came to the throne. During his reign, he implemented various measures to modernize China. He sent students to Europe to learn about Western technology and ideas, aiming to bring back knowledge and advancements to China. Additionally, he tackled corruption within the government by removing corrupt officials and reorganized the education system to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. This emperor's efforts were part of a larger movement to modernize China and catch up with the advancements of the Western world.

In 1872, the samurai were finally disarmed due to the implementation of universal military service imposed by the emperor. This meant that all citizens, including the samurai class, were required to serve in the military, which led to the loss of their exclusive status and privileges. This policy aimed to centralize power and create a more unified and modern military force, ultimately disarming the samurai and ending their dominance in Japanese society.

In the 19th century, Britain took control of Singapore off the southern tip of the Malaysian peninsula. This colonization was a result of the British East India Company's interest in establishing a trading post in the region. Singapore's strategic location made it an ideal port for British ships traveling between India and China, leading to its eventual annexation by the British Empire.

In 1542, Portuguese explorers discovered Japan. This is historically accurate as it was during this time that a Portuguese ship, led by Captain Fernão Mendes Pinto, arrived in Japan. This marked the beginning of the Portuguese presence in Japan and the establishment of trade relations between the two countries. The Portuguese played a significant role in introducing European goods and ideas to Japan during this period.

Ito Hirobumi was asked to draft a constitution in 1884 by the emperor. The answer is German because Hirobumi based his draft on the German model. This is significant because Hirobumi played a crucial role in the development of the Meiji Constitution in Japan, which was heavily influenced by German constitutional principles. The Meiji Constitution established a constitutional monarchy in Japan and laid the foundation for modernizing the country's political system. The German model was chosen due to its perceived effectiveness and stability, making it a suitable choice for Japan's transformation during the Meiji era.

After industrialization, samurai took positions in the government, the military, and business. This can be attributed to the changing social and economic landscape during this period. With the decline of the samurai class and the rise of a centralized government, many samurai found employment in various government positions. Additionally, some samurai transitioned into the military, serving as officers or soldiers in the newly formed national army. Lastly, as the economy modernized, samurai also ventured into business ventures, using their skills and connections to establish successful enterprises.

Portugal established a colony in Indochina. This can be attributed to Portugal's historical exploration and colonization efforts during the Age of Discovery. Portugal was one of the first European nations to embark on overseas exploration and establish colonies in various parts of the world, including Southeast Asia. In the case of Indochina, Portugal established a trading post in the region, which later developed into a colony. This colonization was significant in shaping the history and culture of Indochina, particularly in terms of trade and interactions with European powers.

Peasant rebellions against the Manchu in the early 1800s were caused by a combination of factors. One factor was famines caused by population pressures and natural disasters, which led to food shortages and economic hardships for the peasants. Additionally, the increase in taxes due to government officials' corruption further exacerbated the economic problems faced by the peasants. These factors created a sense of discontent and frustration among the peasant population, leading to rebellions against the Manchu rule.

During the Taiping Rebellion, the British supported the Manchu. The Manchu were the ruling dynasty in China at the time, known as the Qing Dynasty. The British supported the Manchu because they saw them as a stable and established power that could maintain order and stability in China. Additionally, the British had economic and trade interests with the Qing Dynasty, which further motivated their support.

The British gained multiple benefits from the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. Firstly, they obtained acceptance of their diplomats, which allowed them to establish official diplomatic relations with China. Secondly, the treaty resulted in the opening of more ports to trade, providing the British with increased access to Chinese markets. Additionally, the British gained control over the port of Hong Kong, which became an important trading hub for them. Lastly, they secured the rights of extra-territoriality, which meant that British citizens in China were subject to British laws rather than Chinese laws.

The Manchu Emperor rejected the effects of physical harm to the people and the drain of China's silver supply caused by the opium trade with Britain. This suggests that the Emperor was concerned about the negative impact on the health and well-being of the Chinese population, as well as the economic consequences of losing silver to the British. By rejecting these effects, the Emperor likely sought to protect his people and maintain control over China's resources.