AP Psych Review ChAPters 1-3 Bbb

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All of the options listed (response set, social desirability bias, experimenter bias, and placebo effect) have the potential to change the outcome of an experiment. Response set refers to a participant's tendency to answer questions in a certain way, leading to biased results. Social desirability bias occurs when participants respond in a way that they believe is socially acceptable, rather than providing their true opinions or behaviors. Experimenter bias refers to the unintentional influence of the experimenter's expectations or beliefs on the outcome of the study. The placebo effect is a phenomenon where participants experience a perceived improvement in their condition due to receiving a placebo treatment. All of these factors can introduce bias and alter the results of an experiment.

The corpus callosum is a structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. It is a thick band of nerve fibers that allows for communication and coordination between the left and right hemispheres. This structure plays a crucial role in facilitating the transfer of information and signals between the two sides of the brain, enabling them to work together and function as a unified whole.

The brain-stem is responsible for connecting the spinal cord with the brain. It is located at the base of the brain and acts as a bridge between the two. The brain-stem plays a crucial role in relaying sensory and motor information between the brain and the rest of the body. It also controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist psychologist, believed that environmental factors play a significant role in determining behavior. He argued that behavior is shaped by the consequences it produces, and that individuals can be trained or conditioned to exhibit certain behaviors through reinforcement or punishment. This aligns with the statement that "environmental factors determine behavior," as Skinner emphasized the importance of external influences in shaping human behavior rather than attributing it solely to free will or personal choice.

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The brain-stem connects the spinal cord with the brain. It is responsible for relaying information between the brain and the rest of the body, as well as controlling essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. The brain-stem is located at the base of the brain and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It serves as a vital pathway for communication and coordination between the brain and the spinal cord.

Dendrites are the branch-like structures of a neuron that receive information from other neurons. They play a crucial role in the transmission of signals within the nervous system. When a neuron receives a signal, it travels through the dendrites and towards the cell body (soma) of the neuron. From there, the signal can be further transmitted to other neurons through the axon. Dendrites are covered in synapses, specialized structures that allow for the transfer of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons.

G. Stanley Hall was a psychologist who established the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, aimed at advancing the field of psychology and promoting psychological research and education. Hall's establishment of the APA was a significant contribution to the field, as it provided a platform for psychologists to collaborate, share knowledge, and advocate for the importance of psychology in society.

The mode is not one of the ways to measure central tendency because it represents the most frequently occurring value in a dataset. Central tendency measures such as the mean, median, and middle (which is not a specific measure) focus on finding the average or middle value of a dataset. The mode does not provide information about the average or middle value, but rather identifies the most common value in the dataset.

A scientific experiment is not a way to show correlation and relationships because experiments are designed to establish cause and effect relationships rather than simply showing correlations. In an experiment, variables are manipulated and controlled to determine their impact on the outcome, whereas correlation and relationships are typically observed and measured without any manipulation. Therefore, a scientific experiment is not an appropriate method for directly demonstrating correlation and relationships between variables.

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