AP Human Geo Final Part 1

The spatial approach used by geographers is important because it allows them to understand and analyze the arrangement and organization of things on the Earth's surface. This approach helps geographers examine the distribution of various phenomena, such as population, resources, and land use patterns. By studying spatial relationships, geographers can gain insights into how different factors interact and influence each other. This understanding is crucial for making informed decisions and developing effective strategies for managing and planning the use of space and resources.

Frequent hurricanes in the region where one lives can be a push factor for migration. This means that the occurrence of hurricanes can serve as a reason or motivation for people to leave their current location and move to a different area. The destructive nature of hurricanes, including property damage, loss of livelihoods, and potential threats to personal safety, can create a strong incentive for individuals and families to seek safer and more stable environments elsewhere.

Diffusion refers to the spread of ideas, cultural traits, knowledge, and skills from their place of origin to other areas where they are adopted. It involves the process of transmission and adoption of these elements by different societies or individuals. This term is commonly used in anthropology, sociology, and geography to explain the movement and exchange of cultural practices, beliefs, and technologies between different regions or communities.

Physical geography is the branch of geography that focuses on natural landforms, climate, soils, and vegetation of the Earth. It studies the physical characteristics of the Earth's surface and how they interact with human activities and the environment. This includes understanding the formation of mountains, rivers, and other landforms, as well as studying weather patterns, climate change, and the distribution of plant and animal species. Physical geography provides a foundation for understanding the natural processes that shape our planet and how they impact human societies.

Relative location refers to the position of a place in relation to other places or features around it. It is a way to describe the location of a place by comparing it to nearby landmarks, cities, or geographic features. For example, one might describe a town as being "20 miles north of the city" or "located on the coast." Relative location helps to provide context and a better understanding of the spatial relationships between different places.

Human geographers focus on all of the above aspects - mapping places, organizing space as a society, and studying how people interact with each other in different places across space. They analyze the spatial patterns and relationships between people and their environment, studying topics such as population distribution, urbanization, cultural landscapes, and social interactions. By examining these different dimensions, human geographers gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of human-environment interactions and the ways in which societies are shaped by space.

During the last great cholera pandemic in 1865, people were aware of the importance of taking precautions against contaminated water. Cholera is primarily transmitted through water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. By recognizing the role of contaminated water in spreading the disease, people were able to implement measures to prevent its transmission, such as improving sanitation and water supply systems. This understanding and implementation of precautions helped to bring an end to the great waves of cholera during that time.

Distance decay refers to the concept that the further away from a central point or source, the less likely an innovation or idea will be adopted. This can be attributed to factors such as limited access to information, lack of exposure, and resistance to change. As distance increases, the diffusion of innovations becomes slower and less effective, leading to a decrease in adoption rates.

Globalization refers to the set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and heightening interdependence regardless of national boundaries. It involves the integration and exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas across different countries and cultures. Globalization has led to the interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, societies, and cultures worldwide.

Cuban Americans have historically migrated to Florida in large numbers, particularly to cities like Miami. This is primarily due to the geographic proximity of Florida to Cuba, making it a more accessible destination for Cuban immigrants. Additionally, Florida has a well-established Cuban American community, which provides social and cultural support to new arrivals. The state's warmer climate and economic opportunities also attract Cuban immigrants. Therefore, Florida is the primary focus of migration streams and counterstreams for Cuban Americans.

Sense of Place refers to the infusing of a locality with meaning and emotion. It is the subjective and emotional attachment that individuals or communities have towards a particular geographic location. Sense of Place involves the unique characteristics, culture, history, and personal experiences that shape people's perception and connection to a specific place. It goes beyond the physical attributes of a location and encompasses the intangible qualities that make it special and significant to individuals or groups.

The Southeast is the correct answer because it is known to have the highest percentage of African-Americans compared to the other regions mentioned. This region includes states such as Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia, which have historically had significant African-American populations. These states have a rich history and cultural heritage rooted in African-American communities, contributing to their higher percentage of African-American residents.

A person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion is officially a refugee. A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence and is unable or unwilling to return due to fear of further harm. Refugees are protected under international law and are entitled to seek asylum in another country.

The coordinates of absolute location are useful mainly in determining distance and directions. By using latitude and longitude coordinates, one can calculate the distance between two points on the Earth's surface and determine the direction from one point to another. This information is essential for navigation and mapping purposes, allowing for accurate calculations and precise directions.

Connectivity is not one of the ways that cartographers manipulate the impression one gets from a map. The other options, projection, scale, and simplification, are all techniques that cartographers use to alter the appearance of a map. Projection refers to the method of representing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map, scale determines the ratio between distances on the map and actual distances on the Earth, and simplification involves reducing the complexity of features on the map to make it easier to read and understand. However, connectivity does not directly relate to manipulating the impression of a map.

Since September 2001, there has been a greater concern about immigration control to prevent terrorism. This is because the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, were carried out by individuals who had entered the United States illegally. As a result, there has been an increased focus on implementing stricter immigration policies and border control measures to prevent potential terrorists from entering the country.

Cyclic movement refers to regular, repetitive movements that individuals make from their home base to other locations and then back again. This type of movement creates an activity space, which is the area within which an individual or group of individuals travel on a regular basis. It could involve daily commuting to work or school, weekly trips to the grocery store, or monthly visits to a relative's house. This movement pattern allows individuals to maintain connections and engage in activities within their defined activity space.

Selective immigration refers to the practice of excluding individuals with criminal records, health problems, or subversive political beliefs from immigrating. This is done to ensure that only individuals who meet certain criteria and are deemed desirable or suitable for immigration are allowed into a country. It is a way for countries to control and regulate the influx of immigrants based on specific factors that they consider important for the well-being and security of their nation.

When a migrant leaves their home country, they are classified as an emigrant of the home country. This term specifically refers to someone who leaves their country to settle permanently in another country. Unlike a guest worker who temporarily works in another country or an immigrant who moves to another country without necessarily leaving their home country permanently, an emigrant implies a permanent departure from the home country.

The mental map you have of places you routinely visit is a map of your activity spaces. This refers to the specific locations and areas where you engage in regular activities, such as your workplace, favorite coffee shop, or gym. These activity spaces are the places you are most familiar with and navigate frequently, resulting in a mental map that helps you navigate and remember these locations effectively.

The scale of a map represents the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground. A smaller scale means that a larger area can be shown on the map. In this case, the scale 1:20,000 is the largest among the given options, indicating that it would show the largest area on the map compared to the other scales.

Stimulus diffusion refers to the spread of an underlying concept or idea, while the specific details or elements may be modified to suit local cultural or religious beliefs. In this case, the diffusion of the hamburger to India with a vegetable patty instead of beef is an example of stimulus diffusion because the core concept of the hamburger is being adapted to comply with the religious prohibition on beef consumption in India. The idea of the hamburger is being modified to fit within the cultural and religious context of India, demonstrating stimulus diffusion.

The given correct answer is Environmental Determinism. This is because the notion that cultural factors are the product of environmental conditions, such as the ancient Greek idea that Europeans were fierce and brutish because of the cold climate, aligns with the concept of environmental determinism. Environmental determinism suggests that human behavior and cultural development are primarily determined by environmental factors, such as climate, geography, and resources. It posits that the physical environment shapes and controls human societies, leading to variations in cultural practices and characteristics.

The collapse of Yugoslavia in 1995 resulted in the largest refugee crisis in Europe since World War II. The breakup of the country into several different nations led to ethnic conflicts and violence, forcing many people to flee their homes and seek refuge elsewhere. This crisis had a significant impact on the region and highlighted the challenges of dealing with large-scale displacement and humanitarian emergencies.

Hagerstrand emphasized that culture hearths should be viewed in the context of time as well as space. This means that understanding the development and spread of cultural traits or innovations requires considering not only the geographical location but also the historical timeframe in which they occur. By examining the temporal dimension, we can gain insight into the evolution, diffusion, and impact of cultural phenomena, helping us better understand their significance and influence on societies.

A good example of a formal region would be a region of similar language. This is because a formal region is defined by a specific characteristic or criteria that is uniform throughout the entire region. In the case of a region of similar language, the common language spoken by the people in that region is the defining characteristic. This means that everyone in the region speaks the same language, which distinguishes it from other regions where different languages may be spoken.

During the period between 1920 and 1970, African-Americans migrated out of the rural south primarily to the cities of the North. This movement, known as the Great Migration, was driven by various factors such as economic opportunities, escape from racial discrimination and violence, and the hope for a better life. The cities of the North, particularly urban centers like Chicago, Detroit, and New York City, offered industrial jobs, better wages, and relatively less segregation compared to the rural south. This migration had a significant impact on the demographic, cultural, and political landscape of both the North and the South.

The gravity model predicts spatial interaction. This means that it estimates the flow of people, goods, or information between different locations based on factors such as distance and population. The model assumes that the interaction between two locations is directly proportional to their size (population) and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Therefore, the correct answer is spatial interaction.

A 20-30 year old who is highly educated is most likely to make an interstate migration because this age group is typically more mobile and open to new opportunities. Additionally, being highly educated often means having more job prospects and the ability to adapt to new environments. This age group is also more likely to be seeking career advancement and may be willing to relocate for better job prospects or higher salaries.

Ernst Ravenstein's laws of migration are a set of principles that describe patterns and characteristics of migration. One of his laws states that the majority of urban migrants are uneducated. This means that according to Ravenstein's observations, most people who migrate from rural areas to urban areas have lower levels of education. This law helps to explain the educational profile of urban migrants and their motivations for moving to cities.

Hierarchical diffusion refers to the spread of an idea or innovation from a person or group of authority to others in a hierarchical manner. In the case of Birkenstock shoes or new styles of music, the diffusion is likely to occur in a hierarchical manner, where influential individuals or trendsetters adopt and promote these products or styles, and then their followers or fans imitate them. This top-down approach leads to the gradual spread of the idea or innovation to a larger audience, creating a hierarchical diffusion pattern.

The gravity model assumes that people tend to make more short trips than long trips. This means that individuals are more likely to travel to nearby places rather than distant ones. The model takes into account the distance between places and predicts that there will be more interaction between farther places compared to closer ones. Additionally, the model suggests that intervening opportunities, such as other potential destinations, decrease as the distance between places increases. Lastly, the model implies that long trips are less frequent compared to short trips.

One likely reason that mobility rates in the U.S. are lower than in the past is due to fewer job opportunities that promote migration. When there are limited job prospects in different regions, people are less likely to relocate in search of better employment. This can result in lower mobility rates as individuals may be more inclined to stay in their current location, even if it is not ideal, rather than risk moving to an area with limited job opportunities.

The rust belt experienced an outmigration in the last couple decades. This term refers to a region in the United States that was historically known for its heavy industry and manufacturing, particularly in the steel and automotive sectors. However, economic changes and globalization led to the decline of these industries, resulting in job losses and population decline. Many people left the rust belt in search of better job opportunities and economic stability elsewhere, leading to the outmigration mentioned in the question.

Carl O. Sauer is most closely connected with the concept of cultural landscape. He was a geographer who emphasized the importance of human impact on the environment and how it shapes the cultural landscape. Sauer believed that the cultural landscape is a reflection of human activities and their relationship with the physical environment. He argued that studying the cultural landscape is essential for understanding the complex interactions between humans and their surroundings, including how societies shape and are shaped by their environment. Sauer's work has had a significant influence on cultural geography and the study of landscapes.

Step migration refers to a gradual movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, with each move being made in stages. Intervening obstacles are factors that hinder or slow down migration, such as physical barriers like mountains or bodies of water, cultural barriers like language or religion, or economic barriers like lack of job opportunities. Step migration is most likely to encounter intervening obstacles because it involves multiple moves and can be influenced by various factors at each stage, making the process more complex and challenging.

Connectivity refers to the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network. It represents the ease with which people, goods, or information can move between different places. Spatial interaction refers to the flow of people, goods, or information between different locations. Movement refers to the act of changing physical location. Landscape refers to the physical features of a particular area. Therefore, connectivity is the most appropriate term to describe the degree of direct linkage between locations in a transport network.

The major routes of human migration before 1950 include Eastern United States to western United States, China to the United States, and Europe to Australia. However, China to India is not considered a major route of human migration before 1950.

On an isoline map, lines close to each other indicate a rapid change in the variable. Isolines are lines that connect points of equal value on a map, representing the distribution of a particular variable. When isolines are close together, it suggests a rapid change in the variable being mapped. This could indicate a steep gradient or a sudden shift in values. Conversely, when isolines are spread out, it suggests a gradual change in the variable. Therefore, the correct answer is that lines close to each other on an isoline map indicate a rapid change in the variable.

Transhumance is the correct answer because it refers to a form of movement where livestock and their keepers move from one place to another according to the availability of pastures during different seasons. This type of movement is common in pastoral farming systems where the herders need to ensure that their livestock have access to fresh grazing lands throughout the year. Transhumance allows for the sustainable use of resources and helps to prevent overgrazing in a specific area.

Some innovations diffuse hierarchically because of the greater variety of people who live in big cities, because of the movement of people between large cities, and because of the types of businesses that tend to locate in big cities. However, the statement "Because there is more face-to-face interaction in big cities" is not one of the reasons why some innovations diffuse hierarchically.

The level of aggregation refers to the size of the spatial unit of analysis. It refers to how data is grouped or divided when analyzing a geographic area. A smaller spatial unit of analysis would have a higher level of aggregation, as it provides more detailed and specific data. Conversely, a larger spatial unit of analysis would have a lower level of aggregation, as it provides a broader and more generalized view of the data.

During the civil war in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union intervened by sending troops to support the Afghan government. This intervention led to widespread conflict and instability, causing a large number of Afghan citizens to flee their country as refugees. The Soviet Union's military involvement in Afghanistan played a significant role in the displacement of people, as they sought safety and refuge in neighboring countries.

When the Afghan Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist movement, came to power, it created a counter migration of 2.5 million Afghanis to Iran. This is because Iran shares a border with Afghanistan and was a neighboring country that provided refuge and support to Afghan refugees during the Taliban regime.

The Irish migration to North America in the mid-1800s is an example of voluntary migration. During this time, many Irish people chose to leave their homeland due to a combination of push and pull factors. Push factors included the Great Famine, which caused widespread poverty and starvation in Ireland. Pull factors included the promise of better economic opportunities and the chance to escape the hardships they faced at home. As a result, the Irish migrants made a voluntary decision to leave their country and seek a better life in North America.