AP Human Geo Part 2

The replacement rate refers to the number of births needed to maintain a stable population without considering immigration. A total fertility rate of 2.1 is considered the replacement level because it takes into account factors such as infant mortality and individuals who may not reproduce. This means that, on average, each woman needs to have 2.1 children in order to replace herself and her partner in the population.

Hierarchical diffusion refers to the spread of ideas or trends from large global centers to smaller cities or regions in a hierarchical manner. In the context of popular culture trends like fashion, this means that trends start in major fashion capitals like Milan, Paris, and New York, and then gradually spread to smaller cities and regions. This pattern of diffusion follows a hierarchical structure where the influence and adoption of trends decrease as they move away from the major centers.

The changes in local culture brought about by the onslaught of popular culture tend to disrupt customs. This is because popular culture often introduces new ideas, values, and practices that may conflict with traditional customs and norms. As a result, the traditional customs of a community may be challenged, altered, or even abandoned altogether, leading to a disruption in the cultural fabric of the society.

Time-space compression refers to the concept that advancements in technology and communication have significantly reduced the perceived distance and time required for information, ideas, and innovations to spread across different regions and cultures. This means that popular culture trends and innovations can now rapidly diffuse and reach a global audience in a much shorter time frame compared to the past. Geographer David Harvey uses this term to describe the increasing speed at which popular culture innovations are disseminated.

Immigration is the correct answer because when people move into a particular country from other nations, it increases the population of that country. Births also contribute to population growth, but the question specifically mentions "and" which implies that another factor is needed. The rise in the death rate would actually decrease the population, while emigration would result in people leaving the country and therefore not contribute to population growth. Increased agricultural output may improve the economy but does not directly impact population growth.

In India, the breaking of a dowry contract may lead to a beating or killing of the wife, also known as dowry death. This practice is unfortunately prevalent in certain parts of the country, where women are subjected to physical abuse or even murdered for not fulfilling the dowry demands of their husbands and in-laws. This is a serious issue that highlights the deep-rooted problem of gender inequality and violence against women in Indian society.

Thomas Malthus argued that population grows exponentially, or at a geometric rate, while the means of subsistence, such as food production, only increases linearly, or at an arithmetic rate. This means that population growth will outpace the growth of resources, leading to scarcity and ultimately a decline in living standards. Malthus believed that this imbalance would result in checks on population growth, such as famine, disease, and war. His theory sparked debates about population control and resource management, and it continues to be influential in discussions about sustainability and the relationship between population and resources.

The government efforts to discourage native practice and languages in the United States and Canada were attempts to assimilate native groups. This means that the government wanted to integrate these groups into the dominant culture and society, with the aim of making them adopt the customs, language, and way of life of the majority population. By discouraging native practices and languages, the government sought to promote a sense of unity and homogeneity among the population.

Buying a Native American styled dream catcher at a Wal-Mart store can be seen as an example of cultural appropriation. Cultural appropriation refers to the adoption or borrowing of elements from another culture without understanding or respecting its significance. In this case, purchasing a dream catcher, which holds spiritual and cultural significance for Native American communities, from a mainstream store can trivialize and commodify their cultural practices. It is important to recognize and appreciate the cultural context and meaning behind such items, rather than treating them as mere fashion accessories.

The term "the cultural landscape" refers to the visible imprint of human activity on the land. It encompasses the physical features, structures, and patterns created by humans, such as buildings, roads, agricultural fields, and other elements that reflect the culture and society of a particular area. This term recognizes that human actions shape and transform the natural environment, resulting in a distinct and recognizable landscape. It emphasizes the relationship between humans and their surroundings, highlighting the influence of culture, history, and social practices on the physical appearance of a place.

Integration refers to the residential mixing of subgroups within the larger population. It is a process that promotes social cohesion and equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity. Integration encourages interaction, understanding, and cooperation among different groups, leading to a more diverse and inclusive society. It helps to break down barriers and eliminate discrimination, fostering a sense of unity and shared values among community members.

In the 1970s, the government of India implemented forced sterilization of males as a method to reduce population growth rates in certain areas of the country. This approach involved mandating sterilization procedures for men without their consent or choice, aiming to control population growth by limiting the number of births. This controversial and coercive method was considered an extreme measure to address population control and faced criticism for violating human rights and individual autonomy.

The correct answer, "not eating pork," is an example of a non-material aspect of culture because it refers to a cultural practice or belief that is not physically tangible. It is a dietary restriction that is based on religious or cultural beliefs rather than a physical object or structure like a church building or an altar.

The correct answer is the Megalopolis region. The Megalopolis region is a heavily urbanized area that stretches along the northeastern coast of the United States, from Boston to Washington, D.C. It includes major cities like New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. This region has a high population density and is a major economic and cultural hub. Therefore, it makes sense that the major focus of North America's population would be the Megalopolis region.

When places are "designed" either for women or men, they are said to be gendered. This means that the spaces are intentionally created or organized in a way that caters to the specific needs, preferences, or roles associated with a particular gender. Gendered spaces can include separate restrooms, changing rooms, or seating areas that are designated for either men or women. This design approach is based on the assumption that different genders have distinct requirements and should have separate areas to ensure comfort, privacy, or safety.

The correct answer is I because in the first stage of the demographic transition, both the crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) are high. This leads to a low population growth rate as the high CDR offsets the high CBR. This stage is typically seen in pre-industrial societies where there is limited access to healthcare, high infant mortality rates, and a reliance on agriculture for survival.

A population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top is indicative of developing countries. This is because developing countries typically have high birth rates and high death rates, resulting in a large proportion of young people in the population. As these countries develop and improve healthcare and living conditions, birth rates decrease and life expectancy increases, leading to a more balanced population structure with a narrower base and wider top. Therefore, a population pyramid with a wide base and narrow top suggests a developing country.

Folk culture is conceived as small, incorporating a homogeneous population, typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits. This means that folk culture is often found in small communities with a similar cultural background, usually in rural areas. These communities share common traditions, beliefs, and practices, which contribute to their cohesive cultural identity.

Neolocalism refers to the revival or preservation of local traditions, customs, and identities in a globalized world. "Little Sweden" in Lindsborg, Kansas exemplifies neolocalism as it is a community that has embraced and maintained Swedish culture and heritage despite being located in the United States. The town celebrates Swedish festivals, maintains Swedish architecture, and promotes Swedish arts and crafts. This demonstrates the desire to preserve and promote a distinct local identity in the face of globalization.

Tending a home garden is not counted in GNP calculations because it is considered a non-market economic activity. GNP (Gross National Product) measures the total value of goods and services produced by a country's residents, regardless of where they are located. Commercial farming, teaching, and auto repair are all market activities that involve the production of goods or services for monetary exchange, and therefore they are included in GNP calculations. However, tending a home garden is typically done for personal consumption and not for sale in the market, so it is not considered a part of the formal economy and is not included in GNP calculations.

Physiologic density refers to the number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land. It takes into account only the land that is suitable for agriculture and measures the population pressure on this specific type of land. This density indicator helps to understand the relationship between population and the availability of agricultural resources, providing insights into the sustainability and productivity of agricultural practices in a given area.

A vectored infectious disease is transmitted by an intermediary, such as a mosquito. This means that the disease-causing agent, such as a virus or bacteria, is carried and transmitted by another organism, in this case, a mosquito. The mosquito acts as a vector, transmitting the disease from one host to another. This mode of transmission is common in diseases like malaria and dengue fever, where the mosquito acts as a carrier of the disease-causing agent and spreads it to humans when it bites them.

Cultural appropriation for purposes of profit refers to the act of commodification, which involves taking elements of a culture and turning them into commodities to be bought and sold. In this case, naming a beer after a Lakota chief is an example of commodification as it involves using the cultural significance of the Lakota chief's name to sell a product for profit. This can be seen as a form of cultural exploitation and disrespect.

Syncretism refers to the emergence of a new cultural trait as a cultural hybrid. It occurs when different cultural traditions blend together, resulting in the creation of a new cultural element that incorporates elements from multiple traditions. This process often happens when different cultures come into contact with each other, leading to the exchange and integration of ideas, practices, and beliefs. Syncretism is an important mechanism for cultural evolution and the development of new cultural expressions.

Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom because it is one of the four constituent countries that make up the UK, along with England, Scotland, and Wales. It has its own devolved government and shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland. While it is geographically located on the island of Ireland, it remains politically and administratively separate from the Irish Republic.

Succession refers to the process where one group replaces another in a particular area or neighborhood. In this case, the Puerto Ricans moved into the Jewish neighborhood of East Harlem and became the dominant presence, indicating a succession of one group replacing another. This suggests a demographic shift and cultural change within the neighborhood.

Apartheid was a policy of segregation that was implemented in South Africa. This system enforced racial discrimination and separation, with the aim of maintaining white minority rule and suppressing the rights and freedoms of the black majority. It involved the implementation of various laws and policies that enforced racial separation in all aspects of life, including education, housing, employment, and public services. Apartheid was a highly controversial and oppressive system that lasted for several decades, until it was eventually dismantled in the early 1990s with the end of white minority rule and the election of Nelson Mandela as the first black president of South Africa.

Enclaves are residential clusters that result from voluntary segregation. These are areas where certain groups of people choose to live together, often due to shared cultural or ethnic backgrounds. These enclaves can be found in many cities and are characterized by a high concentration of a particular group within a specific neighborhood or district. Unlike ghettos, which are often associated with poverty and lack of opportunity, enclaves can be vibrant and thriving communities that provide a sense of belonging and cultural preservation for their residents. Integrated neighborhoods, on the other hand, refer to areas where different racial or ethnic groups live together harmoniously, without voluntary segregation. Plantations, in this context, do not relate to residential clusters resulting from voluntary segregation.

The area served by your local airport is not a formal region because it does not have a clearly defined boundary or a common characteristic that distinguishes it from other areas. It is simply a service area for the airport, rather than a region with shared cultural, economic, or physical features.

The term "hearths" refers to places that are considered the birthplaces or origins of certain cultural practices or ideas. In popular culture, cities like Paris, New York, and Milan are often seen as the creative hubs where new trends, fashion, art, and music are born and spread globally. These cities serve as the cultural hearths, influencing and shaping popular culture on a global scale.

The correct answer is Eurasia because it is the largest landmass in the world, consisting of both Europe and Asia. It is home to the three largest population concentrations, which are the densely populated regions of China, India, and the European Union. These regions have a high population density due to factors such as historical development, economic opportunities, and cultural significance.

The given answer, Chinese, is correct because the question states that one of the largest groups of a certain ethnicity in Mexico can be found just outside the city of Mexicali. This implies that there is a significant population of Chinese people in that region, making Chinese the correct answer.

The terms used to describe a culture area in order of decreasing dominance are core, domain, and sphere. The core represents the central and most dominant part of the culture area, where the cultural traits are most intense and deeply rooted. The domain refers to the surrounding areas that are influenced by the core but to a lesser extent. The sphere represents the outermost areas that still have some cultural influence from the core and domain, but to a much lesser degree.

The arithmetic density of population for a country is determined by dividing the population by the total area. This calculation gives an average measure of how many people are living in a given area. By dividing the population by the total area, we can determine the density of the population, which helps in understanding the distribution and concentration of people within a country.

Reterritorialization refers to the process of taking elements of globalized popular culture and adapting them to fit within the context of local culture. It involves the appropriation and reinterpretation of these elements, allowing them to be reproduced and incorporated into the local culture. This process helps to maintain a sense of identity and uniqueness within the local culture while still engaging with and being influenced by global popular culture.

Gender refers to a culture's assumptions about the differences between men and women, including their character, roles, and division of labor. It encompasses the social and cultural expectations, norms, and behaviors associated with being male or female. Sex refers to the biological differences between males and females, prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes towards a particular group, and stereotype refers to a widely held but oversimplified and generalized belief or idea about a particular group. Therefore, the correct answer is gender.

Eugenics refers to population policies that promote birth control among specific groups based on factors such as ethnicity, religion, or socioeconomic status. This approach aims to improve the genetic quality of the population by controlling reproduction within certain groups. It is important to note that eugenics has been widely criticized for its association with discriminatory practices and human rights violations.

Milwaukee, Wisconsin is the correct answer because it has been identified as the most residentially segregated metropolitan area for African Americans by the Census Bureau. This means that there is a high level of separation and isolation of African American residents within the city, indicating significant racial disparities in housing patterns. The segregation in Milwaukee is likely influenced by historical factors such as redlining, discriminatory housing policies, and socioeconomic inequalities.

The given statement suggests that countries with low population growth rates tend to be wealthy. However, the exception to this trend is Russia. This implies that Russia has a low population growth rate but is not among the wealthiest countries.

Race being socially constructed means that it is not based on biological factors, but rather on social and cultural factors. It implies that race is a concept created by society, where people are categorized into different racial groups based on physical characteristics, ancestry, and cultural backgrounds. This understanding challenges the notion that race is a fixed and inherent characteristic, highlighting that it is a product of social perceptions and beliefs.

The correct answer is queer theory. Queer theory is a field of study that explores and challenges traditional understandings of sexuality and space. It examines how societal norms and power structures shape our understanding of sexual identities and how these identities are expressed in different spaces. It seeks to disrupt heteronormative assumptions and promote inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. Many geographers, including Elder, Knopp, and Nast, have contributed to the development and application of queer theory in understanding the relationship between sexuality and space.

The term "getto" originated with the segregation of Jews in Italy. This term refers to a specific area or neighborhood where Jews were forced to live separately from the rest of the population. The practice of creating ghettos for Jews began in the 16th century in Venice, Italy, and later spread to other parts of Europe. The term has since been used to describe similar segregated areas for other marginalized groups, but its origin can be traced back to the Jewish community in Italy.

A tenant farmer is a farmer who pays the rent for their land as a share of their crop. This means that instead of paying a fixed amount of rent, the tenant farmer gives a portion of their crop to the landowner as payment for using the land. This arrangement allows the farmer to have access to land without having to purchase it outright, and the landowner benefits by receiving a share of the farmer's harvest.