Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 3

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is the correct answer because it is the organelle that lacks ribosomes on its surface. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane-bound tubules and sacs involved in various cellular processes. SER is responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium storage. Unlike rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which has ribosomes attached to its surface and is involved in protein synthesis, SER does not have ribosomes and therefore is involved in different functions within the cell.

A cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of a living organism. It is responsible for carrying out all the necessary functions of life, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane, which regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. Cilia are hair-like structures that help with movement and sensory functions. However, out of all these options, the cell itself is the correct answer as it encompasses all the other components mentioned.

DNA is the molecule that determines inheritance. It contains the genetic information that is passed down from parents to offspring. DNA is located in the nucleus of cells and carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Cilia, flagella, and cytoplasm are all components of cells, but they do not directly determine inheritance. Therefore, DNA is the correct answer as it is the molecule responsible for transmitting genetic traits from one generation to the next.

The correct answer is mitochondria. Mitochondria possess an inner folded membrane called cristae and an outer smooth membrane. They are the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which is the process that generates energy for the cell. Due to their role in producing energy, mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell.

Cilia are short, hair-like projections that are found on the cell surfaces. They have a beating motion that helps to move substances across the cell surfaces. Cilia play an important role in various biological processes such as the movement of mucus in the respiratory tract, the movement of eggs in the female reproductive system, and the movement of fluid in the brain. Therefore, cilia is the correct answer for this question.

Lysosomes are the part of the cell that contain powerful digestive enzymes. They function to digest bacteria that enter the cell, cell parts that need to be replaced, and damaged or worn out cells.

During metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle. This is a crucial step in cell division, as it ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes. The centromeres of each chromatid pair are attached to the spindle, ensuring that the chromosomes are properly aligned. Metaphase is considered a quick phase because once the chromosomes are aligned, the cell quickly progresses to the next phase of cell division.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the correct answer because it is the site where ribosomes are attached to its surface. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, and their attachment to the rough ER allows for the newly synthesized proteins to be transported and modified within the ER. The rough ER is involved in the production of proteins that are destined for secretion or for insertion into the cell membrane. Therefore, the rough ER is closely associated with ribosomes and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and processing.

The correct answer is "organelles". In the given question, it is stated that the parts of the cell are made up of tiny organs. These tiny organs are referred to as organelles. Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions, similar to how organs perform specific functions in the body of a macroorganism. Therefore, the term "organelles" is used to describe these tiny organs within a cell.

Lysosomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm of cells that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes help break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances that enter the cell. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the cell by removing and recycling unwanted materials. They are responsible for the process of autophagy, which involves the degradation of damaged organelles and proteins. Lysosomes also aid in the immune response by destroying bacteria and viruses. Therefore, the presence of lysosomes in the given list of options is the correct answer.

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, meaning they allow only certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. This is achieved through various mechanisms such as diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide can freely pass through the membrane, while larger molecules and ions require specific transport proteins to cross the membrane. This selective permeability is essential for maintaining the internal environment of the cell and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

The correct answer is CYTOPLASM because it is the semi-liquid substance that surrounds the organelles within a cell. It is responsible for providing support and structure to the cell, as well as facilitating the movement of materials and organelles within the cell. The cytoplasm is also the site of many cellular processes, such as protein synthesis and metabolism.

The correct answer is cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the fluid or gel-like substance that fills the interior of the cell. It is composed of 75% to 90% water, along with organic and inorganic molecules. The cytoplasm is semitransparent and thicker than water. It is supported by intracellular membranes and the cytoskeleton.

Diffusion is the correct answer because it involves the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process occurs in gases and liquids due to the constant, random motion of molecules. It is also a passive transport mechanism that occurs in both living and non-living systems.

The correct answer is the Golgi complex. The Golgi complex is a stack of flattened membranous sacs that processes and sorts synthesized substances into vesicles, including secretory vesicles. It plays a crucial role in the modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell.

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in a cell. They are responsible for translating the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus into functional proteins. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of the cell, where they can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They are composed of RNA and protein molecules and play a crucial role in the production of proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions and processes. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer for the site of protein synthesis.

The plasma membrane is responsible for controlling the movement of materials into and out of the cell. It acts as a barrier, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell. This selective permeability allows the cell to maintain homeostasis by controlling the concentration of molecules and ions inside the cell. The plasma membrane also plays a crucial role in communication and signal transduction, as it contains various receptors and channels that allow the cell to interact with its environment.

The correct answer is FRAGELLA. The flagella is a whip-like structure found in many cells, including sperm cells, that provides motility. It helps the sperm to swim and move towards the egg for fertilization. The other options, DNA, lysosomes, nucleus, and ribosomes, do not directly contribute to the motility of sperm cells.

Centrioles are small cylindrical structures found in the cytoplasm of animal cells. They are involved in various cellular processes, including cell division and the organization of the cytoskeleton. Centrioles play a crucial role in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division, which ensures the equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. They also serve as basal bodies for the formation of cilia and flagella, which are involved in cell movement and sensory functions. Therefore, centrioles are the correct answer in this case.

The correct answer is GOGLI COMPLEX. The Golgi complex is responsible for packaging materials for export from the cell. It receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars and other molecules. It then packages these modified molecules into vesicles and sends them to their final destination either inside or outside the cell. The Golgi complex plays a crucial role in the export of materials from the cell and is essential for maintaining cellular function.

Centrioles are the correct answer for this question. Centrioles are two short cylinders made up of microtubules that are located near the nucleus and are oriented at right angles. They play a crucial role in forming and organizing spindle fibers during cell division. Additionally, centrioles are involved in forming microtubules in cilia and flagella.

The correct answer is SMOOTH ER. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lacks ribosomes and is responsible for lipid synthesis. It plays a crucial role in detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, and the production of lipids such as phospholipids and steroids. The smooth ER is involved in various cellular processes and is especially abundant in cells that produce and secrete lipids, such as liver cells and cells of the endocrine system.

The given correct answer is "ROUGH ER". The rough ER, or rough endoplasmic reticulum, is a type of ER that has numerous attached ribosomes. Proteins made in the rough ER are then exported from the cell. This organelle plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and transportation within the cell. The ribosomes attached to the rough ER help in the production of proteins, which are then modified and packaged for export to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.

Cilia are numerous, short hair-like projections containing microtubules that move substances along the cell surface. They are found in many different types of cells, including those in the respiratory tract, where they help to move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs. Cilia are also present in the reproductive system, where they assist in the movement of eggs and sperm. Overall, cilia play a crucial role in facilitating the movement of substances across the cell surface.

During anaphase, the centromeres of the chromosomes separate, causing the paired chromatids to also separate. This separation allows the members of each pair to migrate to opposite sides of the cell. Therefore, anaphase is the correct phase that describes the process of pulling apart the chromatids.

A ribosome is a part of the cell that is composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. It is the site of protein synthesis in cells, where proteins are made. Ribosomes can occur singly or in clusters within the cell.

Exocytosis is a type of active transport where substances are expelled from the cell. During exocytosis, vesicles containing the substances fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents outside the cell. This process is important for the secretion of various molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes. It allows the cell to communicate with its surroundings and regulate its internal environment by releasing specific substances.

During prophase, the chromosomes start to condense and become rod-shaped. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at their centromeres. The nuclear envelope disappears, allowing the chromosomes to interact with the cytoplasm. The centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell and form the mitotic spindle, which is responsible for separating the chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, the given description matches the characteristics of prophase.

Microtubules and microfilaments are both components of the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton provides structure and support to the cell, as well as playing a role in cell division, cell movement, and intracellular transport. Microtubules are hollow tubes made up of the protein tubulin and are involved in maintaining cell shape, cell division, and the movement of organelles within the cell. Microfilaments, on the other hand, are solid filaments made up of the protein actin and are involved in cell movement, muscle contraction, and cell division. Therefore, both microtubules and microfilaments contribute to the formation of the cytoskeleton.

Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. It contains the genes that determine an individual's traits. Proteins, on the other hand, play a crucial role in the structure and function of cells. They help in various cellular processes and provide structural support to chromosomes. Therefore, DNA and protein are the two components that make up chromosomes within the nucleus.

Flagella are long, whip-like projections found on certain cells, such as sperm. They are composed of microtubules and are responsible for cell movement. Flagella enable cells to move by propelling themselves through a whip-like motion. This allows for various functions such as the movement of sperm towards the egg.

Telophase is the phase of cell division where the spindle fibers disappear and the nuclear envelope reforms, establishing two new nuclei. Additionally, during telophase, the chromosomes uncoil and cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm, occurs.

Mitochondria is the correct answer because it is the main site of aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria's inner membrane, where glucose and oxygen are broken down to produce ATP, the cell's main source of energy. The other options listed, such as the nucleus, plasma membrane, DNA, and cilia, are not directly involved in aerobic cellular respiration.

The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and acts as a barrier to water-soluble materials inside and outside the cell. It is composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules and cholesterol. The phospholipids provide a barrier between water-soluble materials, while the globular proteins that extend through the membrane serve as passageways for the transport of substances into and outside the cell. Therefore, the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the cell and controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Interphase is not a phase of mitosis. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle and occurs before mitosis. During interphase, the cell grows, DNA is replicated, and the cell prepares for division. Mitosis, on the other hand, is the process of cell division where the replicated DNA is divided into two daughter cells. Therefore, interphase and mitosis are distinct phases of the cell cycle, with interphase occurring before mitosis.

The plasma membrane is responsible for carrying out these functions. Proteins are attached to or embedded in the phospholipid layers of the plasma membrane. It also contains passageways for the transport of substances in and out of the cell. The plasma membrane has receptors for enzymes and hormones, allowing for cellular communication. Additionally, along with carbohydrates, it serves as identification markers for the cell.

Osmosis is the correct answer because it refers to the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. In osmosis, water molecules move from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration). This process is important for maintaining the balance of water and solutes in cells and is a type of passive transport because it does not require energy expenditure by the cell.

Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein. DNA contains the genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next, while proteins help in the organization and packaging of DNA. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell and play a crucial role in cell division and the transmission of genetic material. They are visible under a microscope during cell division and are responsible for the inheritance of traits and characteristics.

Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, where energy is produced in the form of ATP through a series of biochemical reactions. They are double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes, allowing them to produce some of their own proteins. They play a crucial role in breaking down nutrients and converting them into usable energy for the cell.

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. It controls the movement of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. These pores allow for the passage of molecules such as RNA and proteins. The nuclear envelope also provides structural support and protection for the nucleus. Therefore, it is responsible for controlling the movement of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

The given description matches the characteristics of the nucleus. It is the largest organelle in the nucleus, and it is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. The nucleus also has pores that allow for the movement of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Therefore, the correct answer is "NUCLEUS."

The given answer "AEROBIC" is correct because it matches all the given characteristics of the cellular respiration process described. Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen, takes place in the mitochondria, and converts 2 pyruvic acid molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and 36 ATP.

The cell cycle is the process by which cells grow, replicate their DNA, and divide into two daughter cells. It consists of two main parts: interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows, carries out its normal functions, and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. Mitosis is the phase where the replicated DNA is divided equally between the two daughter cells. Therefore, the correct answer is interphase and mitosis.

The cytoskeleton is the correct answer because it refers to the network of microtubules and microfilaments that provide structural support to the cell and enable movement of organelles. The microtubules are long, thin tubules that help in maintaining the cell's shape and provide tracks for organelle movement. On the other hand, microfilaments are tiny rods made of contractile proteins that contribute to cell movement and provide additional support. The cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining cell integrity and facilitating various cellular processes.

Microvilli are small, finger-like projections on the surface of a cell that increase its surface area. They are extensions of the plasma membrane and are particularly abundant in intestinal cells. These structures aid in the absorption of substances into the cell by providing more surface area for molecules to interact with.

The correct answer is GENE. A gene is a unit of inheritance that is a specific sequence of bases in the DNA. It carries the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, determining its traits and characteristics. Genes are responsible for the transmission of hereditary information from parents to offspring. They play a crucial role in the development and functioning of living organisms.

Endocytosis is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which cells take in substances from their external environment by engulfing them into a vesicle formed by the cell membrane. This process can involve the engulfment of particles or liquid droplets, which is known as phagocytosis and pinocytosis, respectively. Therefore, endocytosis encompasses both phagocytosis and pinocytosis, making it the appropriate term for this type of active transport.

The correct answer is 46 CHROMOSOMES, 23 PAIRS. This answer indicates that there are 46 individual chromosomes in the nucleus, which are organized into 23 pairs. Each pair consists of two homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

Filtration is a type of passive transport that occurs when smaller molecules in a solution are forced through a membrane due to a greater hydrostatic pressure on one side. Hydrostatic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a fluid against a wall or membrane. In filtration, the pressure difference causes the movement of molecules from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure, allowing for the separation of substances based on their size and solubility.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and sacs found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in the transport of materials within the cell. The ER provides channels for the movement of proteins, lipids, and other molecules from one part of the cell to another. It is involved in the synthesis, folding, and modification of proteins, as well as the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of drugs and toxins. Therefore, the endoplasmic reticulum forms channels for material transport in the cytoplasm.