AHS 305 - Lectures 15-18

Transitional cell carcinoma usually affects the trigone area of the urinary bladder. The trigone is a triangular-shaped region located at the base of the bladder, where the ureters and urethra connect. It is a common site for the development of bladder cancer because the cells in this area are more susceptible to mutation and malignant transformation.

A fistula is an abnormal connection or opening between two body cavities or organs. In this case, the opening between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity is referred to as a fistula.

Feline acne is a common skin condition in cats characterized by the formation of blackheads and whiteheads on the chin and lower lip area. These skin lesions are similar to comedones, which are clogged hair follicles or pores. Therefore, another name for feline acne is comedones or comedone.

Flea allergy dermatitis in cats is called miliary dermatitis. This term refers to the appearance of small, raised bumps on the cat's skin, resembling millet seeds. These bumps are often accompanied by intense itching and can be caused by an allergic reaction to flea saliva. Treatment involves addressing the flea infestation and providing relief for the cat's discomfort through medication and soothing baths.

Tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils, which are located at the back of the throat. Swollen tonsils are a common symptom of tonsillitis. This condition is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection and can lead to symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Treatment for tonsillitis may include rest, fluids, pain relievers, and in some cases, antibiotics.

Opposite.

Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that commonly affects the smooth muscle of the reproductive tract, such as the uterus. It is a non-cancerous growth that can cause symptoms like heavy or prolonged menstrual periods, pelvic pain, and pressure on nearby organs. Unlike adenocarcinoma and hemangiosarcoma, which are malignant tumors, leiomyoma does not spread to other parts of the body and is usually not life-threatening. Therefore, leiomyoma is the correct answer as it specifically affects the smooth muscle and reproductive tract.

The correct answer is Stage I. This suggests that the presence of a single lymph node indicates an early stage of the condition being assessed.

Turbinate destruction and erosion are commonly associated with rhinitis. Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing. Turbinate destruction and erosion can occur as a result of chronic inflammation in the nasal passages. This can lead to nasal obstruction and difficulty breathing. Therefore, the correct answer is rhinitis.

A tumor is a neoplastic enlargement that can occur in any structure of the skin or subcutaneous tissue. This can refer to both benign and malignant growths. Tumors can vary in size and can be solid or filled with fluid. They can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations and environmental factors. It is important to note that not all tumors are cancerous, but they should still be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate treatment.

A bulla is a large blister or bubble-like lesion filled with fluid that forms on the skin. It is a specific type of skin lesion that is characterized by its size, typically larger than 5mm in diameter. Urticaria refers to hives or raised, itchy welts on the skin. Nodule refers to a small, solid, raised bump on or under the skin. Pyoderma refers to a skin infection characterized by pus-filled lesions. Out of these options, only bulla matches the description of a large blister or bubble-like lesion.

S. aureus is what usually affects humans. S. intermedius affects dogs.

Impetigo is a skin infection that is characterized by non-painful and non-itchy sores or blisters. It is commonly seen in individuals who are malnourished, have parasitic infections, or live in poor environmental conditions. Therefore, the statement that "Impetigo is non painful, non pruritic, and is commonly secondary to malnourishment, parasitism, or poor environmental conditions" is true.

Carcinomas originate from epithelial cells - give rise to more common malignancies. Sarcomas are typically from tumors, bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular and hematopoietic tissues.

Substage a refers to a stage within a larger stage classification system. In this case, the stages mentioned are likely related to a medical condition or disease. The correct answer suggests that substage a is characterized by the absence of clinical signs of disease. This means that in substage a, there are no visible or detectable symptoms or indications of the disease.

Uroliths can occur anywhere in the urinary tract.

Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal passages, which can cause symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, and runny nose. It is a common condition that can be caused by allergies, infections, or irritants. In the context of the given options, rhinitis is the most likely explanation for the symptoms described. Reverse sneezing, on the other hand, is a reflex action in which a dog inhales rapidly and forcefully through its nose, often accompanied by snorting or gagging sounds. While reverse sneezing can be a symptom of rhinitis, it is not a condition itself.

Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which are the air-filled spaces in the skull that are connected to the nasal passages. It can be an extension of rhinitis, which is inflammation of the nasal passages, or it can be a problem on its own. Sinusitis can occur when the sinuses become blocked and filled with fluid, leading to the growth of bacteria or viruses. Symptoms of sinusitis include facial pain or pressure, nasal congestion, headache, and thick nasal discharge. Treatment may include antibiotics, decongestants, and nasal irrigation.

Purpura refers to a type of macule that is caused by bleeding into the skin, resulting in a reddish color. It is characterized by small, flat spots that do not blanch when pressure is applied. Purpura can be caused by various factors such as trauma, blood disorders, or certain medications.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus that forms within the body tissues. It is typically caused by an infection and is characterized by a fluctuant lesion, meaning it feels soft and spongy to the touch. The accumulation of pus can occur in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, resulting in a demarcated fluctuant lesion.

Furunculosis is a skin condition characterized by the formation of painful boils or abscesses on the skin. The primary cause of furunculosis can be solar, which means it is triggered by excessive exposure to the sun, or demodectic, which is caused by an overgrowth of demodex mites on the skin. These mites are normally present on the skin but can multiply rapidly under certain conditions, leading to furunculosis.

Chemotherapy in companion animals is aimed at providing palliative care. This means that the goal of chemotherapy is to alleviate symptoms, improve the quality of life, and extend the lifespan of the animal, rather than to cure the underlying disease. Chemotherapy can help manage pain, control the spread of cancer, and improve overall well-being in animals. Therefore, the statement "The goal of chemotherapy in companion animals is palliative" is true.

Epulis is the correct answer because it is a benign tumor of the connective tissue of the gums. It is commonly associated with chronic gingival inflammation, which is an inflammatory response in the gums. Fibroscarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, and basal cell carcinoma are all types of malignant tumors and do not fit the description given in the question.

Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull. Swelling under the eye and unilateral nasal discharge are common symptoms of sinusitis. Sinusitis can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, and it can lead to symptoms such as facial pain, headache, and a blocked or stuffy nose. Treatment for sinusitis may include antibiotics, decongestants, and nasal irrigation.

Tracheobronchitis is an inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, which can cause coughing. The "pinch test" mentioned in the question refers to a method where the healthcare provider pinches the skin on the back of the hand or forearm to induce a cough reflex. This test is commonly used to assess the presence of tracheobronchitis or other respiratory conditions.

Sinusitis is the correct answer because it is a condition that must be differentiated from an infected tooth root. Sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces in the skull connected to the nasal passages. It can cause symptoms similar to an infected tooth root, such as facial pain, pressure, and a toothache. However, sinusitis is caused by inflammation of the sinuses, while an infected tooth root is caused by a bacterial infection. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the two conditions to provide appropriate treatment.

A pustule is a small elevation of the skin that is filled with pus. It is usually located within the epidermis or hair follicle. Pustules can be caused by various factors such as infections, inflammation, or immune responses. They are typically characterized by a white or yellowish center surrounded by redness and inflammation. Pustules are commonly seen in conditions like acne or bacterial skin infections.

A vesicle is a sharply circumscribed elevation of the skin filled with clear fluid. It is usually small, up to 1 cm in diameter, and can be located either intraepidermally or subepidermally. This description matches the given explanation, making vesicle the correct answer.

Equine sarcoid is the correct answer because it is a type of tumor that is related to the bovine papilloma virus and is the most common tumor found in horses. Equine melanoma, on the other hand, is a different type of tumor that affects the pigmentation cells in horses.

BOVINE papilloma virus can cross over to horses.

A macule is a circumscribed, flat spot that is characterized by a change in color. It is up to 1 cm in size. This means that it is a small, flat area on the skin that is different in color compared to the surrounding skin. It does not have any elevation or texture changes, and it is not raised or palpable. Macules can be caused by various factors, such as pigmentation changes, inflammation, or vascular abnormalities.

Lack of estrogen is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in female dogs. Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining the tone of the urethral sphincter, which is responsible for controlling the flow of urine. When estrogen levels decrease, the urethral sphincter weakens, leading to urinary incontinence. Other causes such as cystitis, psychogenic polydipsia, spinal cord disease, canine cognitive dysfunction, and ectopic ureter can also contribute to urinary incontinence in dogs, but lack of estrogen is the most prevalent cause in female dogs.

A wheal is a sharply circumscribed, raised, flat-popped lesion consisting of edema that appears and disappears within minutes or hours. It is commonly seen in allergic reactions, such as hives or insect bites. Wheals are typically red or pale in color and can be itchy or painful. They are different from other skin lesions like macules, patches, papules, plaques, purpura, nodules, tumors, pustules, abscesses, vesicles, or bullae.

Angioedema is a condition characterized by deeper edema and diffuse swelling, similar to wheals. This explanation describes the condition without explicitly stating that it is the correct answer.

A bulla is a large blister or vesicle that is greater than 1 cm in diameter. It is filled with fluid and is typically caused by a skin infection, friction, or burns.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that commonly affects the white areas of the skin. It is associated with exposure to UV radiation, such as from the sun or tanning beds. This type of cancer develops in the squamous cells, which are the flat cells that make up the outermost layer of the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma can appear as a scaly, red patch, a sore that does not heal, or a raised growth with a central depression. Early detection and treatment are important for a better prognosis.

Tracheobronchitis, also known as kennel cough, is the correct answer. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, leading to a persistent cough. It is commonly caused by the Bordetella bacteria and is highly contagious among dogs. Symptoms may include coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, and mild fever. Tracheobronchitis is typically self-limiting and resolves within a few weeks with supportive care. Treatment may involve cough suppressants, antibiotics, and rest.

A papule is a small, solid elevation of the skin that is up to 1 cm in diameter. It is typically raised and can be felt or palpated. Unlike a macule, which is flat, a papule has a noticeable elevation. It is different from a patch, plaque, purpura, nodule, tumor, pustule, abscess, wheal, angioedema, vesicle, or bulla, as these terms refer to other types of skin lesions with different characteristics.

Stage III refers to the advanced stage of a disease or condition. In the context of generalized lymphadenopathy, it indicates that the lymph nodes are enlarged and involved in multiple areas of the body. This stage suggests that the disease has progressed and spread beyond the initial site of origin. It may indicate the presence of a more serious underlying condition or a systemic infection. Further medical evaluation and treatment are necessary to determine the specific cause and manage the condition appropriately.

Stage V refers to the most advanced stage of a disease. In the context of the given information, stage V would signify that the disease has spread to nonlymphoid organs, bone marrow, or blood. This suggests that the disease has progressed significantly and may require more aggressive treatment options.

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Adenocarcinoma is the most common tumor of the stomach and intestine. It arises from the glandular cells lining the stomach and intestine. This type of cancer is often associated with chronic inflammation, such as in cases of chronic gastritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Adenocarcinoma can cause various symptoms including abdominal pain, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding. It is important to diagnose and treat adenocarcinoma early to improve prognosis and survival rates.

A nodule is a small, solid elevation on the skin that is greater than 1 cm in diameter and usually extends into the deeper layers of the skin. It is different from a macule, patch, papule, plaque, purpura, tumor, pustule, abscess, wheal, angioedema, vesicle, or bulla.

Juvenile Pyoderma is a skin infection commonly seen in young dogs. It is usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and is characterized by the presence of pustules, papules, and crusts on the skin. Lymphadenopathy, which refers to the enlargement of lymph nodes, is a common observation in dogs with this condition. The recommended treatment for Juvenile Pyoderma is antibiotics.

Lymphosarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. In cats, it is almost always caused by the feline leukemia virus (FeLV). FeLV is a retrovirus that weakens the immune system and makes cats more susceptible to various diseases, including lymphosarcoma. Lymphosarcoma can affect various organs and tissues in the body and can cause symptoms such as weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, and lethargy. Treatment options for lymphosarcoma in cats may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or supportive care to manage symptoms.

Lymphosarcoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is responsible for fighting infections and diseases in the body. It is often difficult to detect in its early stages because it can be asymptomatic or present with vague symptoms. By the time the dog's owner notices an issue, it suggests that the cancer has already progressed and become a generalized condition.

Stage II refers to the stage of cancer where the tumor has grown larger and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes, but has not yet spread to other parts of the body. In this case, the presence of multiple lymph nodes in a regional area suggests that the cancer has progressed beyond Stage I, where the tumor is confined to its site of origin.

The grading system based on how well cells are differentiated refers to the evaluation of the extent to which cells in a tumor resemble normal cells. Mastocytoma is a type of tumor that arises from mast cells, which are a type of immune cell. In the grading system, mastocytoma may be assigned a higher grade if the cells are poorly differentiated, meaning they do not closely resemble normal mast cells. Therefore, mastocytoma is the correct answer as it aligns with the grading system based on cell differentiation.

Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that commonly affects dogs. It is known for its poor prognosis, meaning that the outlook for dogs diagnosed with osteosarcoma is usually not favorable. This type of cancer is aggressive and can spread quickly to other parts of the body. It is considered one of the worst types of cancer in dogs due to its high metastatic potential and low survival rates.

A biopsy is a medical procedure where a small sample of tissue is taken from the body for examination and diagnosis of a disease or condition. While the given answer, tonsillitis, is not directly related to a biopsy, it is a common condition that may require a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other potential causes. Therefore, it can be considered as part of the diagnostic procedures.