X-ray Related Medical Term Questions

Explanation
The Biuret test is performed to detect the presence of proteins. It is based on the reaction between proteins and copper ions, which results in a color change from blue to violet. This test is commonly used in biochemistry and molecular biology to determine protein concentration or to confirm the presence of proteins in a sample. Enzymes, carbohydrates, and vitamins do not undergo the same reaction with copper ions and therefore cannot be detected using the Biuret test.

Explanation
Cystinuria is a condition characterized by difficulty in metabolizing COLA (cysteine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine). This means that individuals with cystinuria have a problem breaking down these amino acids, leading to their accumulation in the urine. This condition is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the transporters responsible for reabsorbing these amino acids in the kidneys. As a result, the excess amino acids form crystals in the urine, which can lead to the formation of kidney stones. Therefore, the correct answer is Cystinuria.

Explanation
The correct answer is "Couer en sabot" because it is a specific term used to describe a congenital heart defect characterized by a deformed and narrowed pulmonary valve. This condition often presents with other cardiac abnormalities such as atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). The term "Couer en sabot" is derived from the French phrase for "heart in a clog" due to the appearance of the heart on imaging resembling a wooden shoe. Pulmonary valve stenosis and pulmonary atresia are also congenital heart defects, but they do not specifically describe the characteristic appearance seen in "Couer en sabot."

Explanation
The correct answer is "Finger in glove sign". This sign refers to the appearance of a finger-like projection in the lung field on an X-ray, resembling a finger inside a glove. It is typically seen in cases of lung collapse or atelectasis, where a bronchus is obstructed and air is trapped distally, causing the lung to collapse around it. This sign is helpful in diagnosing the underlying cause of the collapse and guiding further management.

Explanation
The given image shows a red, swollen bump on the eyelid, which is characteristic of a stye. A stye, also known as a hordeolum, is a bacterial infection of the oil glands in the eyelid. It typically appears as a small, painful lump near the edge of the eyelid and can cause discomfort and redness. Treatment usually involves warm compresses and good eyelid hygiene, although in some cases, antibiotics may be necessary.

Explanation
A chalazion is a small, painless lump or swelling that forms on the eyelid due to the inflammation of a blocked Meibomian gland. The Meibomian glands are responsible for producing the oily part of tears, and when they become blocked, the oil builds up and causes the gland to swell. This swelling leads to the formation of a chalazion. Unlike a stye or hordeolum, which are painful and caused by an infection, a chalazion is usually painless and not caused by an infection.

Explanation
LVF, or left ventricular failure, can cause transudative pleural effusion. This occurs when there is a buildup of fluid in the pleural space due to increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs. LVF can lead to fluid retention in the body, including the lungs, which can then result in pleural effusion. Other conditions listed, such as cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, and malnutrition, may also cause pleural effusion but are not specifically mentioned as the cause in this question.

Explanation
The STOP-BANG Questionnaire is a screening tool used to diagnose Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). OSA is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete blockage of the upper airway during sleep, leading to disrupted breathing and poor sleep quality. The STOP-BANG questionnaire assesses various factors such as snoring, tiredness, observed apneas, high blood pressure, body mass index, age, neck circumference, and gender to determine the likelihood of OSA. By evaluating these factors, healthcare professionals can identify individuals who may be at risk for OSA and require further diagnostic testing or treatment.

Explanation
The correct answer is 4-6 weeks. In the Kveim test for sarcoidosis, a biopsy is taken from the area where a suspension of sarcoidosis antigen was injected. This biopsy is typically done 4-6 weeks after the injection. This timeframe allows for the development of a granulomatous reaction at the injection site, which is characteristic of sarcoidosis.

Explanation
Abram's needle is used for pleural biopsy.